Table 1.
Main characteristics of the study participants recruited
| Characteristics | Overall | Male | Female | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 60,283 | N = 29,848 | N = 30,435 | ||
| age, mean (SD) | 43.7 (16.4) | 43.4 (16.7) | 44.0 (16.1) | < 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 123.5 (18.9) | 125.7 (17.4) | 121.3 (20.1) | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 77.3 (14.0) | 78.8 (14.0) | 75.9 (13.8) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension prevalence, n (%) | 15,686 (26.0) | 8579 (28.7) | 7107 (23.4) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension control rate, n (%)a | 5797 (61.1) | 3032(59.4) | 2765 (63.2) | < 0.001 |
| Marriage, n (%) | ||||
| Single | 10,556 (17.5) | 6043 (20.2) | 4513 (14.8) | < 0.001 |
| Married or living with a partner | 47,536 (78.9) | 23,039 (77.2) | 24,497 (80.5) | |
| Separated, divorced or widowed | 2191 (3.6) | 766 (2.6) | 1425 (4.7) | |
| Education, n (%) | ||||
| College | 27,805 (46.1) | 14,626 (49.0) | 13,179 (43.3) | < 0.001 |
| Junior/Senior | 27,020 (44.8) | 13,434 (45.0) | 13,586 (44.6) | |
| Primary | 5458 (9.1) | 1788 (6.0) | 3670 (12.1) | |
| Occupation, n (%) | ||||
| Unemployed and retired people | 16,516 (27.4) | 5841 (19.6) | 10,675 (35.1) | < 0.001 |
| Mental laborers/Students | 23,241 (38.6) | 12,853 (43.1) | 10,388 (34.1) | |
| Service staff | 7192 (11.9) | 3489 (11.7) | 3703 (12.2) | |
| Manual laborers | 13,334 (22.1) | 7665 (25.7) | 5669 (18.6) | |
| Annual household income,tertiles range(¥)b | ||||
| Higher (≥ 108,000) | 4586 (34.3) | 2212 (35.7) | 2374 (33.2) | < 0.001 |
| Middle (≤ 60,000 < 108,000) | 5411 (40.5) | 2560 (41.3) | 2851 (39.9) | |
| Lower (< 60,000) | 3358 (25.1) | 1430 (23.1) | 1928 (27.0) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | ||||
| Nonsmoker | 46,861 (77.7) | 16,878 (56.5) | 29,983 (98.5) | < 0.001 |
| Smoker | 13,422 (22.3) | 12,970 (43.5) | 452 (1.5) | |
| Alcohol drinking, n (%) | ||||
| Non drinker | 42,631 (70.7) | 15,616 (52.3) | 27,015 (88.8) | < 0.001 |
| Drinker | 17,652 (29.3) | 14,232 (47.7) | 3420 (11.2) | |
| Family history, n (%) | ||||
| No | 32,565 (61.9) | 16,312 (63.3) | 16,253 (60.6) | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 20,011 (38.1) | 9462 (36.7) | 10,549 (39.4) | |
| Salt intake, n (%) | ||||
| Lower (< 6 g) | 10,546 (17.5) | 5081 (17.0) | 5465 (18.0) | 0.003 |
| Higher (≥ 6 g) | 49,737 (82.5) | 24,767 (83.0) | 24,767 (83.0) | |
| Physical activity, n (%) | ||||
| Sufficient | 49,548 (82.2) | 24,238 (81.2) | 25,310 (83.2) | < 0.001 |
| Insufficient | 10,735 (17.8) | 5610 (18.8) | 5125 (16.8) | |
| BMI(kg/m2), n (%) | ||||
| Underweight | 2551 (4.2) | 786 (2.6) | 1765 (5.8) | < 0.001 |
| Normal | 31,810 (52.8) | 13,811 (46.3) | 17,999 (59.1) | |
| Overweight/obese | 25,922 (43.0) | 15,251 (51.1) | 10,671 (35.1) | |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | ||||
| No | 43,190 (71.6) | 20,663 (69.2) | 22,527 (74.0) | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 17,093 (28.4) | 9185 (30.8) | 7908 (26.0) | |
aThe controlled hypertension was defined by systolic BP < 140 mmHg and diastolic BP < 90 mmHg among the subjects that self-reported exhibiting hypertensive and taking antihypertensive medications
bAnnual household income was collected from 13,355 subjects providing verified information about their family's income(male 6202, female 7153)