Table 2.

Exosomes Derived from Other Parent Cell Sources in Bone Regeneration

Parent cells	Target cells	Isolation	Characterization	Preconditioning of parent cells	In vitro	Animal models	In vivo
hMSC-derived adipocytes96	hMSC-derived osteocytes96	UC96	TEM96		Transfer of adipogenic mRNAs96 Increased expression of adipogenic genes96
Mouse dendritic cells		UC96 UF96	WB96 NTA96 TEM96	Treatment with TGF-β1 and IL1096			Inhibition of inflammatory alveolar bone loss97
Osteoclasts from miR-214 knock-in mouse92,93 Osteoclasts from osteoporotic patients and mice92 Mouse osteoclasts89,92,93 Mouse osteoclast precursors89	Mouse osteoblasts92,93 Osteoblasts from OVX-mice92 1,25(OH)2D3-stimulated mouse marrow89	UC92,93 ExoQuick-TC89	WB89,93 NTA93 FACS92 DLS92 TEM89	miR214-mimic and antagomir transfection92,93	Osteoclast-derived miR-214 inhibits osteoblast activity92,93 Exosomes from osteoclast precursors stimulate osteoclastogenesis, Exosomes from osteoclasts inhibit osteoclastogenesis89	IV-injection in WT mouse93 OVX-induced osteoporotic mouse model92,93	Osteoclast-derived miR-214-3p inhibits bone formation and expression of osteogenic markers in WT mice93 Inhibition of osteoclast-derived miR-214-3p promotes bone formation in OVX mice92,93 Inhibition of exosome release in osteoclasts from OVX mice leads to increased bone formation and promotes osteoblast activity92
Mouse osteoblasts88,90,91	Mouse osteoclasts88 mBMSCs90 Mouse macrophages91	UC88 Exoquick-TC90	WB88 TEM88 SEM90 NTA91	PTH88 Imipramine91	Enhanced RANK-mediated osteoclast precursor differentiation88 Increased expression of osteogenic proteins/genes90 Increased mineralization90 Inhibition of osteoclast differentiation and activation91	OVX-induced osteoporotic mouse model91	Inhibition of decrease of bone mineral density91 Increased bone volume91
Mouse osteocytes94	Mouse osteoblasts94	UC94	WB94 TEM94	Myostatin94	Decreased expression of osteogenic proteins/genes94 Inhibition of osteoblastic differentiation and activity94
Human monocytes95	hBMSCs95	UC95	Flow cytometry95 WB95		Increased expression of osteogenic proteins/genes95

FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting; IL10, interleukin 10; mRNA, messenger RNA; PTH, parathormon; SEM, scanning electron microscopy; TGF, transforming growth factor; WT, wild type.