. 2022 Feb 27;15:2207–2214. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S355083

Table 1.

Differences in Demographic Characteristics, Clinical Characteristics, Serum Biomarkers, and Treatments Among Patients Who Survived versus Died in a Sample of Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19

		Died (n = 185)		Survived (n = 1441)		Total (n = 1626)		p-value^a
		n	% (Within Row)	n	% (Within Row)	n	% (of Total)	p-value^a
Age (years)	18 to 39	1	0.8	125	99.2	126	7.8	<0.01^b
	40 to 49	4	2.4	161	97.6	165	10.2	-
	50 to 64	24	6.1	373	94	397	24.4	-
	65 to 74	55	12.6	382	87.4	437	26.9	-
	74 and older	101	20.2	400	79.8	501	30.8	-
Gender	Male	95	11.8	712	88.2	807	49.6	0.62
	Female	90	11	729	89	819	50.4	-
BMI	<18.5	8	17	39	83	47	3	<0.01^b
	18.5- <25.0	44	15.7	236	84.3	280	18	-
	25.0 - <30.0	51	12.1	371	87.9	422	27.1	-
	30.0 - <35.0	23	7.4	290	92.7	313	20.1	-
	35 and greater	46	9.3	449	90.7	495	31.8	-
Marital status	Married	70	8.8	724	91.2	794	49.6	<0.001^b
	Single	31	9.8	284	90.2	315	19.7	-
	Divorced/Separated/Widowed^e	79	16.1	412	83.9	491	30.7	-
ARF	Yes	143	21.3	530	78.8	673	41.4	<0.001
	No	42	4.4	911	95.6	953	58.6	-
CKD	Yes	124	21.5	452	78.5	576	35.4	<0.001
	No	61	5.8	989	94.2	1050	64.6	-
Liver cirrhosis	Yes	7	29.2	17	70.8	24	1.5	0.01^c
	No	178	11.1	1424	88.9	1602	98.5	-
Hepatitis	Yes	2	18.2	9	81.8	11	4.9	1.0^c
	No	35	16.3	180	83.7	215	95.1	-
Dementia	Yes	39	22.5	134	77.5	173	10.6	<0.001
	No	146	10.1	1307	90	1453	89.4	-
CHF	Yes	85	28.8	210	71.2	295	18.1	<0.001
	No	100	7.5	1231	92.5	1331	81.9	-
Cancer	Yes	14	20.6	54	79.4	68	4.2	0.02
	No	171	11	1387	89	1558	95.8	-
Hypertension	Yes	143	13.9	889	86.1	1032	63.5	<0.001
	No	42	7.1	552	92.9	594	36.5	-
TIA	Yes	25	16.2	129	83.8	154	9.5	0.046
	No	160	10.9	1312	89.1	1472	90.5	-
COPD	Yes	63	15.3	350	84.8	413	25.4	0.004
	No	122	10.1	1091	89.9	1213	74.6	-
Stroke	Yes	8	20.5	31	79.5	39	2.4	0.08^c
	No	177	11.2	1410	88.9	1587	97.6	-
Pulmonary embolism	Yes	7	22.6	24	77.4	31	1.9	0.08^c
	No	178	11.2	1417	88.9	1595	98.1	-
Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Yes	82	13.1	546	86.9	628	38.6	0.09
	No	103	10.3	895	89.7	998	61.4	-
Lipid disorders	Yes	71	13	474	87	545	33.5	0.14
	No	114	10.6	967	89.5	1081	66.5	-
Tobacco dependence	Yes	15	11.3	118	88.7	133	8.2	0.97
	No	170	11.4	1323	88.6	1493	91.8	-
Alcohol dependence	Yes	0	0	19	1.3	19	1.2	0.16^c
	No	185	11.5	1422	98.7	1607	98.8	-
Opiate dependence	Yes	146	12.9	982	87.1	1128	69.4	0.003
	No	39	7.8	459	92.2	498	30.6	-
Remdesivir use	Yes	82	11.9	606	88.1	688	42.3	0.56
	No	103	1	835	89	938	57.7	-
Dexamethasone use	Yes	155	12.3	1103	87.7	1258	77.4	0.03
	No	30	8.1	338	91.9	368	22.6	-
ICU stay	Yes	61	27.1	164	72.9	225	13.8	<0.001
	No	124	8.9	1277	91.2	1401	86.2	-
Length of stay (days)	<5	43	8	494	92	537	33	<0.01
	5 to <10	45	7.4	563	92.6	608	37.4	-
	10 to <20	56	18.1	254	81.9	310	19.1	-
	20 and greater	41	24	130	76	171	10.5	-
Insurance type	Medicaid/ Medicare	169	13.1	1125	86.9	1294	79.6	<0.001
	Other^d	16	4.8	316	95.2	332	20.4	-
High erythrocyte sedimentation rate^g	Yes	36	15.1	202	84.9	238	74.6	0.24
	No	8	9.9	73	90.1	81	25.4	-
Pancytopenia	Yes	6	12.5	42	87.5	48	3	0.8
	No	179	11.3	1399	88.7	1578	97.1	-
Leucopenia	Yes	12	11	97	89	109	6.7	0.9
	No	173	11.4	1344	88.6	1517	93.3	-
CRP ≥ 3.0 mg/L	Yes	102	14.9	584	85.1	686	71.2	<0.001
	No	18	6.5	259	93.5	277	28.8	-
High ferritin^f	Yes	76	14.6	444	85.4	520	53.7	0.01
	No	40	8.9	409	91.1	449	46.3	-
Anemia	Yes	25	16.6	126	83.4	151	9.3	0.04
	No	160	10.9	1315	89.2	1475	90.7	-
LDH ≥ 280 U/L	Yes	75	18.9	322	81.1	397	46.3	<0.001
	No	27	5.9	434	94.1	461	53.7	-
D-dimer > 0.5	Yes	109	14.4	647	85.6	756	75.3	<0.001
	No	10	4	238	96	248	24.7	-
Thrombocytopenia	Yes	36	20.3	141	79.7	177	10.9	<0.001
	No	149	10.3	1300	89.7	1449	89.1	-

Notes: ^aComparisons tested using Chi-square tests unless otherwise noted. Bolded p-values are <0.05. ^bComparison tested with ANOVA due to >2 groups. ^cComparison tested using Fishers exact test to adjust for small cell sizes. ^dCombined for statistical purposes: agency, employee health insurance, commercial, self-pay, workers compensation. ^eCombined for statistical purposes: divorced, separated, widow, widower. ^fFor males, a high ferritin was >336 mg/L. For females, a high ferritin was >307 mg/L. ^gFor males, a high erythrocyte sedimentation rate was >22 mm/hr. For females, a high erythrocyte sedimentation rate was >29 mm/hr.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; ARF, acute respiratory failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; TIA, transient ischemic attack; CRP, C-reactive protein; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase.