Table 1.
Comparison of Baseline Characteristics by Treatment Type, Health and Retirement Study, 2006–2014
| Characteristic | No Treatment n = 2 710 n (%) |
Self-Initiated Treatment n = 350 n (%) |
Comparison AOR (95% CI), p Value |
Doctor-Recommended Treatment n = 897 n (%) |
Comparison AOR (95% CI), p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline age, mean (SD) | 67.3 (9.83) | 65.7 (9.14) | 0.98 (0.97, 1.00), p = .010 | 66.9 (9.55) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00), p = .013 |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 1 195 (44.1) | 123 (35.1) | Ref. | 301 (33.6) | Ref. |
| Female | 1 515 (55.9) | 227 (64.9) | 1.37 (1.07, 1.75), p = .011 | 596 (66.4) | 1.49 (1.25, 1.76), p < .001 |
| Race | |||||
| Caucasian | 2 305 (85.1) | 311 (88.9) | Ref. | 805 (89.7) | Ref. |
| African American | 289 (10.7) | 25 (7.1) | 0.58 (0.37, 0.89), p = .014 | 63 (7.0) | 0.51 (0.38, 0.69), p < .001 |
| Other | 116 (4.3) | 14 (4.0) | 0.67 (0.35, 1.27), p = .217 | 29 (3.2) | 0.67 (0.42, 1.06), p = .090 |
| Hispanic ethnicity | |||||
| No | 2 531 (93.4) | 323 (92.3) | Ref. | 843 (94.0) | Ref. |
| Yes | 179 (6.6) | 27 (7.7) | 1.18 (0.72, 1.91), p = .512 | 54 (6.0) | 0.85 (0.59, 1.22), p = .369 |
| Education | |||||
| <High school | 415 (15.3) | 41 (11.7) | Ref. | 162 (18.1) | Ref. |
| High school degree or GED | 1 033 (38.1) | 143 (40.9) | 1.37 (0.93, 2.04), p = .113 | 337 (37.6) | 0.82 (0.64, 1.04), p = .094 |
| Some college | 643 (23.7) | 93 (26.6) | 1.46 (0.96, 2.21), p = .077 | 214 (23.9) | 0.85 (0.65, 1.10), p = .215 |
| >College | 618 (22.8) | 73 (20.9) | 1.26 (0.81, 1.97), p = .305 | 184 (20.5) | 0.85 (0.65, 1.12), p = .254 |
| Number of health conditions, mean (SD) | 2.1 (1.39) | 1.9 (1.31) | 0.94 (0.86, 1.03), p = .184 | 2.3 (1.40) | 1.15 (1.08, 1.22), p < .001 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 28.4 (5.97) | 28.9 (6.06) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03), p = .379 | 28.6 (6.13) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01), p = .467 |
| CES-D, mean (SD) | 1.7 (1.98) | 2.0 (2.30) | 1.07 (1.01, 1.13), p = .015 | 2.3 (2.25) | 1.10 (1.06, 1.14), p < .001 |
| Current smoking | |||||
| No | 2 293 (85.2) | 298 (85.6) | Ref. | 743 (84.0) | Ref. |
| Yes | 399 (14.8) | 50 (14.4) | 0.84 (0.60, 1.18), p = .318 | 142 (16.1) | 0.94 (0.75, 1.18), p = .608 |
| Ever drink | |||||
| No | 1 235 (45.6) | 162 (46.3) | Ref. | 438 (48.8) | Ref. |
| Yes | 1 475 (54.4) | 188 (53.7) | 1.03 (0.78, 1.35), p = .855 | 459 (51.2) | 0.99 (0.82, 1.20), p = .909 |
| # days drink per week, mean (SD) | 1.2 (2.16) | 1.0 (1.86) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04), p = .334 | 1.0 (2.03) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04), p = .705 |
| # drinks per day, mean (SD) | 0.7 (1.37) | 0.6 (1.05) | 1.00 (0.88, 1.13), p = .988 | 0.6 (1.26) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.08), p = .940 |
Notes: AOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; BMI = body mass index; CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; GED = general equivalency diploma; SD = standard deviation. All percentages are column percentages unless otherwise specified. AORs control for baseline age, gender, race, ethnicity, education, number of health conditions, BMI, CES-D, smoking, drinking, # days drink/week, and # drinks/day. All bolded values denote statistical significance at p < .05.