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. 2021 Jun 11;77(3):570–578. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glab164

Table 4.

Association Between Treatment Type and Concurrent Cognitive Performance Stratified by Baseline Cognitive Functioning, Health and Retirement Study, 2006–2014

Cognitive Score Total Cognition
B (95% CI), p Value
Immediate Word Recall
B (95% CI), p Value
Delayed Word Recall
B (95% CI), p Value
Serial 7’s
B (95% CI), p Value
Backwards Counting
B (95% CI), p Value
Lowest cognitive functioning
 No treatment Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Self-initiated treatment 0.36 (0.05, 0.66), p = .022 0.17 (0.03, 0.30), p = .014 0.11 (−0.04, 0.27), p = .161 0.06 (−0.07, 0.19), p = .385 0.01 (−0.04, 0.05), p = .770
 Doctor-recommended treatment 0.22 (−0.02, 0.46), p = .078 0.05 (−0.05, 0.16), p = .319 0.12 (−0.01, 0.24), p = .071 0.04 (−0.06, 0.15), p = .421 0.00 (−0.04, 0.04), p = .920
Highest cognitive functioning
 No treatment Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Self-initiated treatment 0.39 (0.74,0.05), p = .026 −0.15 (−0.31, 0.00), p = .055 −0.10 (−0.28, 0.08), p = .282 0.15 (0.27,0.04), p = .008 0.02 (−0.02, 0.05), p = .395
 Doctor-recommended treatment 0.57 (0.86,0.28), p < .001 0.23 (0.36,0.10), p = .001 0.23 (0.38,0.08), p = .003 0.12 (0.22,0.02), p = .016 0.01 (−0.02, 0.04), p = .478

Notes: Beta coefficient comes from generalized estimating equations and corresponds to association between treatment type and each cognitive test averaged across all years. Results control for time, baseline age, gender, race, ethnicity, education, number of health conditions, body mass index, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, smoking, drinking, # days drink/week, and # drinks/day. All bolded values denote statistical significance at p < .05.