Table 5.
Trajectories of Cognitive Performance Before and After Sleep Treatment Stratified by Baseline Cognitive Functioning, Health and Retirement Study, 2006–2014
| Cognitive Score | Before Sleep Treatment B (95% CI), p Value |
After Sleep Treatment B (95% CI), p Value |
Interaction p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lowest cognitive functioning | |||
| Overall treatment | |||
| Total cognition | −0.03 (−0.10, 0.04), p = .448 | −0.25 (−0.32, −0.19), p < .001 | p < .001 |
| Immediate word recall | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.03), p = .627 | −0.10 (−0.13, −0.08), p < .001 | p < .001 |
| Delayed word recall | 0.01 (−0.03, 0.05), p = .605 | −0.10 (−0.13, −0.07), p < .001 | p < .001 |
| Serial 7’s | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.01), p = .193 | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.02), p = .001 | p = .949 |
| Backwards counting | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01), p = .702 | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01), p = .741 | p = .906 |
| Self-initiated treatment | |||
| Total cognition | −0.18 (−0.23, −0.14), p < .001 | −0.26 (−0.35, −0.17), p < .001 | p = .071 |
| Immediate word recall | −0.07 (−0.08, −0.05), p < .001 | −0.11 (−0.15, −0.07), p < .001 | p = .036 |
| Delayed word recall | −0.06 (−0.08, −0.04), p < .001 | −0.12 (−0.17, −0.07), p < .001 | p = .006 |
| Serial 7’s | −0.05 (−0.07, −0.03), p < .001 | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.00), p = .081 | p = .397 |
| Backwards counting | −0.01 (−0.02, 0.00), p = .003 | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01), p = .641 | p = .124 |
| Doctor-recommended treatment | |||
| Total cognition | −0.15 (−0.20, −0.11), p < .001 | −0.23 (−0.31, −0.15), p < .001 | p = .336 |
| Immediate word recall | −0.06 (−0.08, −0.04), p < .001 | −0.09 (−0.13, −0.06), p < .001 | p = .113 |
| Delayed word recall | −0.07 (−0.10, −0.05), p < .001 | −0.08 (−0.12, −0.04), p < .001 | p = .785 |
| Serial 7’s | −0.03 (−0.05, 0.00), p = .016 | −0.04 (−0.08, −0.01), p = .008 | p = .980 |
| Backwards counting | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01), p = .801 | 0.00 (−0.02, 0.01), p = .469 | p = .743 |
| Highest cognitive functioning | |||
| Overall treatment | |||
| Total cognition | −0.58 (−0.66, −0.50), p < .001 | −0.12 (−0.19, −0.05), p = .001 | p < .001 |
| Immediate word recall | −0.24 (−0.28, −0.20), p < .001 | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.02), p = .003 | p < .001 |
| Delayed word recall | −0.25 (−0.30, −0.21), p < .001 | −0.06 (−0.09, −0.02), p = .004 | p < .001 |
| Serial 7’s | −0.08 (−0.10, −0.05), p < .001 | −0.01 (−0.03, 0.02), p = .470 | p < .001 |
| Backwards counting | −0.02 (−0.03, −0.01), p < .001 | −0.01 (−0.01, 0.00), p = .097 | p = .030 |
| Self-initiated treatment | |||
| Total cognition | −0.42 (−0.47, −0.37), p < .001 | −0.08 (−0.18, 0.03), p = .151 | p < .001 |
| Immediate word recall | −0.17 (−0.19, −0.15), p < .001 | −0.03 (−0.09, 0.02), p = .182 | p < .001 |
| Delayed word recall | −0.17 (−0.20, −0.15), p < .001 | −0.05 (−0.11, 0.00), p = .068 | p < .001 |
| Serial 7’s | −0.07 (−0.08, −0.05), p < .001 | 0.01 (−0.03, 0.05), p = .608 | p < .001 |
| Backwards counting | −0.01 (−0.02, −0.01), p < .001 | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01), p = .510 | p = .018 |
| Doctor-recommended treatment | |||
| Total cognition | −0.38 (−0.43, −0.33), p < .001 | −0.14 (−0.23, −0.05), p = .003 | p < .001 |
| Immediate word recall | −0.15 (−0.17, −0.13), p < .001 | −0.06 (−0.10, −0.02), p = .005 | p < .001 |
| Delayed word recall | −0.17 (−0.20, −0.14), p < .001 | −0.05 (−0.09, 0.00), p = .057 | p < .001 |
| Serial 7’s | −0.05 (−0.07, −0.04), p < .001 | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01), p = .214 | p = .019 |
| Backwards counting | −0.01 (−0.01, 0.00), p = .050 | −0.01 (−0.02, 0.00), p = .017 | p = .326 |
Notes: Beta coefficient comes from generalized estimating equations and corresponds to change in cognitive score with 1-y change in time. Results control for baseline age, gender, race, ethnicity, education, number of health conditions, body mass index, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, smoking, drinking, # days drink/week, and # drinks/day. All bolded values denote statistical significance at p < .05.