TABLE 1.

Renal manifestations associated with parasitic diseases^a

Parasite (disease)	Host	Clinical manifestations	Renal lesionsb	Pathogenesisb
Plasmodium malariae (quartan malaria)	Human	Proteinuria to nephrotic syndrome	Mesangioproliferative GN, membranoproliferative GN	IC, autoimmune component
	Human	Nephrotic syndrome	Minimal-change disease (rare)
	Human	Nephrotic syndrome	Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (rare)
	Human	Nephrotic syndrome	Membranous GP (rare)	IC, autoimmune component
	Aotus monkey	Nephrotic syndrome	Membranoproliferative GN	IC
Plasmodium falciparum (tertian malaria)	Human	Acute renal failure	Tubulointerstitial damage	Hemolysis and hypoperfusion
	Human	Proteinuria to nephrotic syndrome (rare)	Mesangioproliferative GN, membranoproliferative GN (rare)	IC, coagulopathy
	Aotus monkey		Mesangioproliferative GN	IC, coagulopathy
Plasmodium berghei	Rat, mouse	Proteinuria	Mesangioproliferative GN	IC, autoimmune component
Schistosoma haematobium	Human	Chronic renal failure	Hydronephrosis and pyelonephritis	Vesicoureteral fibrosis and reflux
Schistosoma mansoni	Human	Proteinuria	Mesangioproliferative GN, membranoproliferative GN	IC, autoimmune component, portal shunting
	Human	Nephrotic syndrome	Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
	Human	Nephrotic syndrome	Membranous GP
	Human	Nephrotic syndrome	Amyloidosis (rare)
	Human	Acute renal failure	Crescentic GN (rare)
	Baboon		Membranoproliferative GN	IC
Schistosoma japonicum	Primate, rabbit		Mesangioproliferative GN	IC
			Membranoproliferative GN
Leishmania donovani (kala-azar)	Human	Proteinuria	Mesangioproliferative GN	IC, autoimmune component, coagulopathy
	Human	Nephrotic syndrome	Amyloidosis
	Hamster		Mesangioproliferative GN	IC
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense	Human	Proteinuria	Mesangioproliferative GN (rare)	IC
Trypanosoma brucei brucei	Rhesus monkey, mouse, rat, rabbit	Proteinuria	Mesangioproliferative GN, membranoproliferative GN	IC, autoimmune component
Toxoplasma gondii	Human	Proteinuria to nephritic syndrome	Membranoproliferative GN	IC, coagulopathy
	Human	Nephrotic syndrome	Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (rare)	Congenital toxoplasmosis
	Human	Acute renal failure	Tubulointerstitial nephritis	Sulfadiazine crystal deposition
Trichinella spiralis	Human	Proteinuria	Mesangioproliferative GN, membranoproliferative GN	IC, coagulopathy
	Human	Mild renal failure	Tubular necrosis	Hypovolemia and myoglobinuria
Opisthorchis viverrini	Hamster	Proteinuria	Mesangioproliferative GN, amyloidosis	IC
Babesia bovis, Babesia divergens, Babesia microti	Human	Acute renal failure	Tubular necrosis	Shock and hemolysis
Babesia canis	Dog	Acute renal failure	Tubular necrosis	Shock and hemolysis
Babesia rhodhaini	Rat	Mild proteinuria	Mesangioproliferative GN	IC
Echinococcus granulosus (hydatid disease)	Human	Nephrotic syndrome	Membranous GP (rare)	IC
		Mass effect	Cyst (generally solitary)
Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi (lymphatic filariasis), Onchocerca volvulus (river blindness), Loa loa	Human	Proteinuria to nephritic syndrome	Mesangioproliferative GN, membranoproliferative GN	IC
	Human	Nephrotic syndrome	Amyloidosis (rare)
	Human	Renal failure	Interstitial nephritis (rare)
Wuchereria bancrofti	Human	Nephritic syndrome	Acute GN (rare)
Loa loa	Human	Nephrotic syndrome	Membranous GP
	Human	Nephrotic syndrome	Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (rare)

^aThese data are a compilation from the text and especially from references 18, 34, 67, and 73. 

^bAbbreviations: GN, glomerulonephritis; GP, glomerulopathy; IC, immune complexes.