Table 1.
Comparison of baseline characteristics of study population according to serum BHB tertile.
| Characteristica | Tertile of serum level of BHB (μM) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low | Intermediate | High | Trend p-value | |
| N | 989 | 992 | 989 | – |
| Age, years | 65.0 ± 10.6 | 65.7 ± 10.8 | 65.9 ± 11.3 | 0.058 |
| Male, n (%) | 638 (64.5) | 618 (62.3) | 599 (60.6) | 0.066 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.7 ± 3.6 | 25.9 ± 3.3 | 25.5 ± 3.6 | 0.097 |
| SBP, mmHg | 135.6 ± 18.0 | 136.9 ± 18.5 | 137.6 ± 18.9 | 0.017 |
| DBP, mmHg | 78.6 ± 11.0 | 78.0 ± 11.1 | 78.4 ± 11.6 | 0.675 |
| Overweight/obesity, n (%) | 671 (67.8) | 711 (71.7) | 636 (64.3) | 0.738 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 659 (66.6) | 673 (67.8) | 668 (67.5) | 0.809 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 213 (21.5) | 430 (43.3) | 403 (40.7) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 398 (40.2) | 474 (47.8) | 440 (44.5) | 0.041 |
| History of stroke, n (%) | 101 (10.2) | 121 (12.2) | 97 (9.8) | 0.665 |
| Family history of premature CAD, n (%) | 87 (8.8) | 69 (7.0) | 73 (7.4) | 0.041 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||
| Never | 503 (50.9) | 522 (52.6) | 532 (53.8) | 0.107 |
| Former | 152 (15.4) | 145 (14.6) | 157 (15.9) | |
| Current | 330 (33.4) | 316 (31.9) | 298 (30.1) | |
| Statins use, n (%) | ||||
| No | 551 (55.7) | 525 (52.9) | 575 (58.1) | 0.727 |
| Take statins intermittently | 108 (10.9) | 71 (7.2) | 88 (8.9) | |
| Take statins continuously • Over 1 year, n (%) | 238 (24.1) | 293 (29.5) | 223 (22.5) | |
| FBG, mmol/L | 6.4 ± 2.1 | 7.0 ± 2.3 | 6.8 ± 2.3 | <0.001 |
| TC, mmol/L | 3.8 ± 0.9 | 3.9 ± 0.9 | 4.0 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | 0.215 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 0.866 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.2 (1.7–2.7) | 2.2 (1.7–2.8) | 2.3 (1.8–2.9) | <0.001 |
| Crea, μmol/L | 72.0 ± 16.4 | 71.4 ± 16.9 | 71.6 ± 18.2 | 0.610 |
| UA, μmol/L | 323.0 ± 84.9 | 328.9 ± 85.7 | 329.0 ± 93.2 | 0.136 |
| BHB, μmol/L | 27.9 (21.1–34.6) | 55.7 (48.0–66.3) | 162.3 (110.5–315.4) | <0.001 |
Not all data were available for all patients. BHB, β-hydroxybutyrate; CAD, coronary artery disease; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Crea, creatinine; UA, uric acid.
a
Data are mean ± SD, median (interquartile range) for continuous variables, or percentage for categorical variables.