Table 1. Mendelian randomization results with COVID-19.
Details of significant, false discovery rate-(FDR)-corrected Mendelian randomization results, using the Generalized Summary Data-based Mendelian randomization (GSMR) method. Using genetic instruments and under the assumptions of Mendelian randomization, the top section shows results consistent with six blood markers being significantly causally associated with an increased risk of hospitalization as a result of COVID-19 and the nine blood markers causally associated with a decreased risk of hospitalization, as well as one protein showing a decrease in risk of hospitalization. The bottom section shows results consistent with five blood markers being significantly causally associated with an increased risk for the need of respiratory support/death due to COVID-19 and eight blood markers causally associated with a decreased risk for the need of respiratory support/death due to COVID-19, as well as one protein decreasing risk for the need of respiratory support/death due to COVID-19. The table presents the log odds statistics (i.e., beta) and corresponding standard error as well as odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and the FDR-adjusted Q values (pFDR = 0.05).
| Outcome—Hospitalization as a Result of COVID-19 | ||||||||
| Protein (exposure) | Beta | SE | p value | SNPs | OR | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | Q |
| FAAH2_Sun | 0.17 | 0.03 | 1.54x10-07 | 13 | 1.19 | 1.12 | 1.25 | 1.31x10-04 |
| GCNT4_Sun | 0.15 | 0.03 | 8.15x10-08 | 18 | 1.16 | 1.11 | 1.21 | 8.68x10-05 |
| CD207_Sun | 0.11 | 0.02 | 1.95x10-08 | 24 | 1.11 | 1.08 | 1.15 | 3.59x10-05 |
| RAB14_Sun | 0.10 | 0.02 | 3.77x10-08 | 24 | 1.11 | 1.07 | 1.14 | 5.29x10-05 |
| C1GALT1C1_Sun | 0.10 | 0.02 | 4.06x10-05 | 26 | 1.10 | 1.06 | 1.15 | 2.47x10-02 |
| ABO_Sun | 0.07 | 0.01 | 1.36x10-07 | 29 | 1.07 | 1.05 | 1.10 | 1.29x10-04 |
| LCTL_Sun | -0.08 | 0.02 | 1.51x10-06 | 40 | 0.93 | 0.90 | 0.96 | 1.07x10-03 |
| SFTPD_Breth | -0.08 | 0.02 | 6.36x10-05 | 16 | 0.92 | 0.88 | 0.96 | 3.61x10-02 |
| SELL_Sun | -0.09 | 0.02 | 3.65x10-07 | 24 | 0.91 | 0.88 | 0.95 | 2.83x10-04 |
| SELE_Folk | -0.11 | 0.02 | 4.35x10-08 | 16 | 0.90 | 0.86 | 0.94 | 5.29x10-05 |
| KEL_Sun | -0.11 | 0.03 | 9.05x10-05 | 18 | 0.90 | 0.84 | 0.95 | 4.54x10-02 |
| SELE_Scal | -0.12 | 0.02 | 2.11x10-08 | 50 | 0.88 | 0.84 | 0.93 | 3.59x10-05 |
| SELE_Breth | -0.13 | 0.03 | 8.49x10-06 | 6 | 0.88 | 0.82 | 0.94 | 5.57x10-03 |
| ATP2A3_Sun | -0.16 | 0.04 | 8.99x10-05 | 16 | 0.86 | 0.78 | 0.93 | 4.54x10-02 |
| PECAM1_Scal | -0.23 | 0.04 | 2.05x10-10 | 30 | 0.80 | 0.73 | 0.87 | 1.74x10-06 |
| Exposure—Hospitalization as a Result of COVID-19 | ||||||||
| Protein (outcome) | Beta | SE | p value | SNPs | Q | |||
| MIP1b_Ahol | -0.16 | 0.03 | 7.76x10-09 | 27 | 2.26x10-05 | |||
| Outcome—Respiratory support/death due to COVID-19 | ||||||||
| Protein (exposure) | Beta | SE | p value | SNPs | OR | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | Q |
| GCNT4_Sun | 0.30 | 0.05 | 3.36x10-11 | 16 | 1.35 | 1.26 | 1.44 | 6.68x10-08 |
| RAB14_Sun | 0.20 | 0.03 | 1.32x10-11 | 27 | 1.22 | 1.16 | 1.28 | 3.92x10-08 |
| C1GALT1C1_Sun | 0.19 | 0.04 | 3.19x10-07 | 28 | 1.21 | 1.13 | 1.28 | 2.37x10-04 |
| CD207_Sun | 0.16 | 0.03 | 2.97x10-07 | 25 | 1.17 | 1.11 | 1.23 | 2.37x10-04 |
| ABO_Sun | 0.11 | 0.02 | 8.35x10-08 | 30 | 1.12 | 1.08 | 1.16 | 8.30x10-05 |
| SELE_Sliz | -0.11 | 0.02 | 5.87x10-06 | 65 | 0.89 | 0.84 | 0.94 | 3.18x10-03 |
| SELL_Sun | -0.13 | 0.03 | 9.03x10-06 | 24 | 0.88 | 0.83 | 0.94 | 4.49x10-03 |
| SELE_Scal | -0.17 | 0.04 | 4.35x10-06 | 52 | 0.85 | 0.78 | 0.92 | 2.59x10-03 |
| sICAM1_Sliz | -0.17 | 0.04 | 2.98x10-05 | 31 | 0.84 | 0.76 | 0.92 | 1.27x10-02 |
| SELE_Folk | -0.19 | 0.03 | 9.44x10-10 | 16 | 0.83 | 0.77 | 0.89 | 1.41x10-06 |
| SELE_Breth | -0.20 | 0.05 | 1.87x10-05 | 6 | 0.82 | 0.73 | 0.91 | 8.57x10-03 |
| PECAM1_Folk | -0.26 | 0.05 | 1.49x10-06 | 8 | 0.77 | 0.66 | 0.88 | 9.87x10-04 |
| PECAM1_Scal | -0.31 | 0.05 | 1.34x10-09 | 31 | 0.73 | 0.63 | 0.83 | 1.60x10-06 |
| Exposure—Respiratory support/death due to COVID-19 | ||||||||
| Protein (outcome) | Beta | SE | p value | SNPs | Q | |||
| NEP_Hill | -0.28 | 0.07 | 7.63x10-05 | 24 | 3.03x10-02 | |||
Note: SE = standard error, SNPs = number of single nucleotide polymorphisms in common between the exposure and outcome; OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval, Q = false discovery rate-adjusted p value; ABO = ABO system transferase; ATP2A3 = ATPase Sarcoplasmic/Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ Transporting 3; C1GALT1C1 = C1GALT1 specific chaperone 1; CD207 = langerin; FAAH2 = Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase 2; GCNT4 = glucosaminyl (N-Acetyl) transferase 4; KEL = Kell Metallo-Endopeptidase (Kell Blood Group); LCTL = Lactase-like protein; MIP1b = macrophage inflammatory protein; NEP = neprilysin; PECAM1 = platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule; RAB14 = ras-related protein rab-14; SELE = E-selectin; SELL = L-selectin; SFTPD = Surfactant Protein D; sICAM1 = Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Names after the underscore are abbreviations for the study the protein was measured in.