Fig 1. Effects of HWHF on insulin secretion from (A & B) BRIN-BD11 cells and (C) pancreatic islets, (D) protein glycation, (E) insulin release in the presence of established stimulators or inhibitors and (F) absence of extracellular calcium.

Values are Mean±SEM for n = 4–8 for insulin secretion and n = 3 for protein glycation. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001 compared to control (5.6/16.7 mM glucose and 220 mM glucose + insulin (1 mg/ml)). ^ϕp<0.05, ^ϕϕp<0.01 and ^ϕϕϕp<0.001 compared to 5.6 mM glucose in the presence of HWHF. ^Δp<0.05, ^ΔΔp<0.01 and ^ΔΔΔp<0.001 compared to incubations without HWHF.