Table 2.
General characteristics of the sample (n = 35) at baseline and over the follow-up period
| Baseline (T0) |
45-day FU (T1) |
3-month FU (T2) |
6-month FU (T3) |
12-month FU (T4) |
p value (T0 vs T1) |
p value (T1 vs T2) |
p value (T0 vs T2) |
p value (T0 vs T3) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nutritional assessment | |||||||||
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 29.1 ± 4.1 | 27.3 ± 3.7 | 28.1 ± 4.4 | 28.4 ± 4.1 | 29.1 ± 4.4 | < 0.0001 | 0.013 | n.s | n.s |
| MNA score | 24.6 ± 2.0 | 22.6 ± 2.9 | 25.0 ± 2.3 | 25.9 ± 2.6 | 25.8 ± 1.6 | 0.003 | < 0.0001 | n.s | 0.023 |
| MNA score 23.5–17 (%) | 31.4 | 51.4 | 17.1 | 14.3 | 11.4 | 0.006 | < 0.0001 | 0,02 | 0.003 |
| MNA score < 17 (%) | 0.0 | 2.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.05 | 0.05 | n.s | n.s |
| Functional status | |||||||||
| Independent in ADL | 5.9 ± 0.3 | 5.7 ± 0.6 | 5.8 ± 0.5 | 5.8 ± 0.6 | 5.8 ± 0.6 | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
| Independent in IADL % | 95.3 ± 14.4 | 84.7 ± 24.9 | 90.2 ± 19.2 | 96.5 ± 17.1 | 93.4 ± 21.3 | 0.014 | n.s | n.s | n.s |
| Physical performance | |||||||||
| SPPB total score [median (IQR)] | 11 (8–12) | 12 (9–12) | 11 (9–12) | 12 (11–12) | 12 (11–12) | n.s | n.s | n.s | 0.028 |
| Subjects with SPPB total score ≤ 8 (%) | 22.9 | 35.5 | 18.5 | 9.1 | 22.9 | 0.035 | 0.015 | 0.024 | 0.01 |
| Gait speed (m/s) | 1.08 ± 0.30 | 1.17 ± 0.30 | 0.97 ± 0.32 | 1.02 ± 0.29 | 1.16 ± 0.47 | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
| 6-MWT (m) | 361.8 ± 11.5 | 361.0 ± 12.4 | 383.0 ± 19.4 | 368.3 ± 125.4 | 362.3 ± 130.7 | n.s | 0.048 | n.s | n.s |
| Handgrip maximal strength (kg) | 32.6 ± 11.9 | 28.6 ± 10.7 | 31.4 ± 12.6 | 32.4 ± 12.1 | 30.2 ± 11.8 | 0.008 | n.s | n.s | n.s |
| Handgrip endurance (sec) | 79.2 ± 48.3 | 67.5 ± 38.1 | 73.9 ± 38.3 | 67.3 ± 25.9 | 69.8 ± 31.8 | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
| Cognitive status and mood | |||||||||
| MoCA score | 23.2 ± 3.7 | 22.6 ± 5.2 | 22.7 ± 3.6 | 22.6 ± 5.0 | 20.1 ± 5.1 | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
| MoCA score < 26/30 (%) | 70.0 | 60.0 | 71.4 | 61.1 | 88.5 | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
| GDS score | 12.6 ± 3.8 | 10.5 ± 4.2 | 10.2 ± 6.6 | 7.2 ± 6.3 | 4.6 ± 5.2 | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
| GDS score ≥ 11 (%) | 65.6 | 45.0 | 48.8 | 26.4 | 7.6 | 0.01 | n.s | 0.006 | < 0.0001 |
FU follow-up, BMI body mass index, MNA mini nutritional assessment, moca montreal cognitive assessment, GDS Geriatric Depression Scale, ADL activities of daily living, IADL instrumental activities of daily living, SPPB short physical performance battery, IQR interquartile range, 6-MWT 6-min walking test