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. 2022 Mar 3;13:1133. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28807-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

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Fig. 6 — The model postulates gametes accumulating error-prone damages in cpDNA under nitrogen starvation. Mating-type-linked deubiquitinase OTU2p (yellow shape) prevents proteasome-mediated degradation of envelope proteins (barrel shape) including TOC translocase in plus gametes but not in minus gametes lacking Otu2p. This creates a visible disparity between plus and minus chloroplasts (double-lined cup shape), which leads to a biased flow of repair components including zygote-specific chloroplast-targeted preproteins (hexagons) between two chloroplasts combined in a zygote, triggering rapid cpDNA degradation (dotted wiggled line) in minus chloroplast delayed for importing repair safeguards. Therefore, the evolution of OTU2p would be adaptive for improving the quality of plus cpDNA and consequently for driving robust uniparental cpDNA inheritance.