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. 2022 Mar 3;5:201. doi: 10.1038/s42003-022-03123-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Association between sleep duration and white matter hyperintensity volume (WMH), log-transformed, showing the lowest WMH burden with eight hours of sleep. Those who slept for durations other than six-to-eight hours had significantly greater burden, P < 0.05 following Bonferroni correction for multiple comparison (error bars denote standard error). b Sleep trajectory plotted for a random subset of the imaging cohort (5%, n = 2,416, for visualisation purposes) who provided sleep data at two timepoints, mean 8.9 (sd 1.8) years apart. Each line represents an individual, plotted by age, with the gradient reflecting any change in sleep duration between initial and imaging assessments (b: sleep axis points have been jittered by 5% to help distinguish clusters). Trajectories were mainly flat or had a shallow gradient as reflected in c, the distribution of sleep duration change for the entire imaging cohort (n = 37, 170), as almost half the group (48.5%) reported no change in sleep duration while 91.0% reported either the same sleep duration or a difference of only one hour. d Mediation analysis, values are standardised beta estimates. Path a: relationship between sleep duration of six-to-eight hours and sleep-related brain region volume. Path b: relationship between sleep-related brain region volume and Executive Function. Path c: direct relationship between sleep duration (6–8 hours) and Executive Function (a*b value is the beta estimate for indirect pathway whereby brain volume mediates the relationship between sleep and Executive Function). All paths were significant at p < 0.001. e Correlation analysis showing that higher regional brain volume in participants with six-to-eight hour sleep duration correlated with the strength (beta-coefficients) of regional brain volume predicting Executive Function (r2 = 0.32, *p < 0.001). Each datapoint is a brain region (example arrow indicating right Accumbens). Boxplots for Fig. 4a shown in Supplementary Fig 6.