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. 2022 Feb 15;54(2):156–168. doi: 10.1038/s12276-022-00731-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Illumina Infinium 450 K array data of five major gastroenterological cancers (COAD, READ, LIHC, STAD, and PAAD) downloaded from TCGA were preprocessed. b Then, 10,754 differentially methylated CpG islands (CGIs) were shortlisted from processed 450 K array data based on our criteria. c The hybridizing probe pool targeting selected CGIs was designed using NimbleDesign. d Targeted bisulfite sequencing was conducted for 104 CRC patients from the South Korean cohort, of which 90 samples were paired tumor-adjacent healthy tissue sets, while two healthy samples and ten tumor samples were unpaired. e Generated targeted bisulfite sequencing data were analyzed to select differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in tumors relative to healthy tissues, giving rise to 40 DMRs for further examination.