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. 2022 Feb 15;54(2):156–168. doi: 10.1038/s12276-022-00731-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a The cell proliferation test with CCK-8 reagent indicated that overexpression of PDX1, EN2, and MSX1 promotes proliferation of the HCT116 colon cancer cell line. The overexpression of each gene was verified through FLAG-tag capture. b Transwell invasion assays with HCT116 cells overexpressing PDX1, EN2, and MSX1 were conducted, and invading cells were stained with crystal violet. Overexpression of PDX1, EN2, and MSX1 was found to accelerate migration and confer invasive properties.