. 2022 Feb 25;54(2):91–102. doi: 10.1038/s12276-022-00736-w

Table 1.

Sites and functions of posttranslational modification (PTM) of HMGB1.

PTM	Site	Function
Acetylation/deacetylation	Lysine in NLS	HMGB1 translocation between the nucleus and cytoplasm^12,20,25,34
Methylation	Lys42	Alters HMGB1 protein conformation and reduces its DNA binding activity^35,41
Phosphorylation	Serine residues in NLS1 and NLS2	Regulates the nucleus-cytoplasm shuttling of HMGB1^36,38
ADP-ribosylation	C-terminal tail	Promotes HMGB1 secretion in macrophages^37,42–45
N-glycosylation	N37, N134, and N135	Attenuates the binding of HMGB1 with DNA and promotes HMGB1 release³⁹
Redox and oxidation	C23, C45, and C106	Regulates the inflammatory activity of HMGB1⁴⁰; induces translocation of HMGB1 protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm^53–61