Table 2.

Relationship studies between surgical procedure as cancer treatment, anesthetic technique adopted, and results.

Surgical procedure	Type of tumor	Anesthetic technique	Authors	Patients	Year	Type of study	Oncological results
Surgery with curative intention (colectomy)	Colorectal cancer	Propofol-based anesthesia vs. inhaled anesthetics	Lifang et al.	457	2013	Cohort study	Decreased tumor invasion capacity in rectal cancer, but not in colon cancer, with the use of propofol (50).
		General anesthesia + Epidural anesthesia vs. General anesthesia	Gupta et al.	655	2011	Cohort study	Reduction of all causes of mortality in the rectal cancer and Epidural anesthesia group, but not in the colon group (96).
		General anesthesia + Epidural anesthesia vs. General anesthesia	Xuan et al. Cummings et al.	132 42151	2014 2012	Cohort study Cohort study	Surgical treatment in patients older than 66 years: – Longer median survival with Epidural anesthesia (97). The recurrence rate does not vary between both groups. – Improved overall survival at 5 years in epidural group, without difference in cancer recurrence (65).
Mastectomy	Breast adenocarcinoma	General anesthesia + paravertebral block vs. Inhaled anesthetics + opioids	Exadaktylos et al.	129	2006	Retrospective study	Increased recurrence free survival in locorregional group at 3 years (88 vs. 77%) (98).
		Propofol-based anesthesia vs. Inhaled anesthetics + opioids	Hiller et al.	256	2017	Cohort study	Longer median survival in the propofol-based anesthesia group (32).
Resection surgery	Lung cancer	General anesthesia + Epidural anesthesia vs. General anesthesia	Xuan et al.	132	2014	Cohort study	EA is associated with decreased inflammatory response and endothelial permeability. Less dispersion of tumor cells (97).
		General anesthesia + paravertebral block vs. General anesthesia with opioids	Lee et al.	1729	2017	Retrospective cohort study	Paravertebral block was associated with be‘er overall survival, without difference in recurrence between the two groups (99)
Radical prostatectomy	Prostatic adenocarcinoma	General anesthesia + Epidural anesthesia vs. General anesthesia + opioids	Fodale et al. Behrenbruch et al. Scavonetto et al.	99 90 3284	2014 2018 2014	Randomized controlled trial. Cohort study. Retrospective matched cohort study	– 60% reduction in risk of tumor recurrence in the General anesthesia + Epidural anesthesia group (61). – Increased tumor progression and all-cause mortality higher in the General anesthesia group (91). – General anesthesia as unique technique is associated with increased cancer progression and mortality (100).
		Epidural anesthesia vs. General anesthesia	Gupta et al.	655	2011	Cohort study	Decrease in the rate of tumor recurrences (Valued as an increase in PSA) (96).
Esophagectomy	Esophageal cancer	Propofol-based anesthesia vs. inhaled anesthetics	Jun et al.	922	2017	Cohort study	Increased survival rate in the propofol group (101).
		General anesthesia + Epidural anesthesia vs. General anesthesia + opioids	Hiller et al.	140	2014	Survival study	Epidural was associated with better overall survival and recurrence 2 years free-survival (102).