Table 1.
Global burden of primary liver cancer by gender, etiology, and region from 1990 to 2019
| Characteristic | 1990 | 2019 | 1990–2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Incident cases, no. ×103 (95% UI) | ASR per 100000, no. (95% UI) | Incident cases, no. × 103 (95% UI) | ASR per 100000, no. (95% UI) | EAPCs, no. (95% CI) | |
| Global | 373 (336 to 416) | 8.98 (8.10 to 9.97) | 534 (487 to 589) | 6.51 (5.95 to 7.16) | −1.93 (−2.30 to −1.55) |
| Sociodemographic index | |||||
| High SDI | 53 (52 to 55) | 5.27 (5.11 to 5.39) | 140 (126 to 154) | 7.61 (6.88 to 8.36) | 0.91 (0.47 to 1.35) |
| High‐middle SDI | 109 (95 to 123) | 9.92 (8.73 to 11.20) | 107 (94 to 121) | 5.34 (4.70 to 6.04) | −3.3 (−3.89 to −2.77) |
| Middle SDI | 166 (144 to 194) | 14.73 (12.80 to 17.04) | 186 (162 to 211) | 7.32 (6.41 to 8.28) | −2.86 (−3.41 to −2.31) |
| Low‐middle SDI | 35 (31 to 39) | 5.36 (4.85 to 5.93) | 55 (50 to 62) | 3.99 (3.60 to 4.44) | −1.62 (−1.94 to −1.30) |
| Low SDI | 10 (9 to 12) | 4.08 (3.58 to 4.63) | 19 (17 to 22) | 3.51 (3.11 to 3.91) | −0.28 (−0.36 to −0.21) |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 260 (227 to 298) | 13.07 (11.42 to 14.87) | 376 (335 to 422) | 9.71 (8.69 to 10.84) | −1.92 (−2.33 to −1.51) |
| Female | 113 (99 to 129) | 5.22 (4.62 to 5.96) | 158 (140 to 176) | 3.63 (3.23 to 4.05) | −1.87 (−2.16 to 1.59) |
| Etiology | |||||
| HBV | 198 (166 to 232) | 4.60 (3.86 to 5.39) | 219 (186 to 255) | 2.62 (2.24 to 3.05) | −3.10 (−3.66 to −2.53 |
| HCV | 84 (73 to 96) | 2.19 (1.90 to 2.49) | 152 (132 to 175) | 1.90 (1.64 to 2.17) | −1.04 (−1.27 to −0.81) |
| Alcohol | 48 (38 to 59) | 1.20 (0.96 to 1.47) | 98 (79 to 120) | 1.19 (0.96 to 1.45) | −0.40 (−0.57 to −0.22) |
| NASH | 18 (15 to 21) | 0.44 (0.36 to 0.53) | 36 (29 to 45) | 0.45 (0.37 to 0.55) | −0.51 (−0.79 to −0.24) |
| Others | 25 (21 to 30) | 0.56 (0.47 to 0.67) | 28 (24 to 34) | 0.35 (0.29 to 0.42) | −2.42 (−2.86 to −1.99) |
| Region | |||||
| North Africa and Middle East | 11 (9 to 12) | 6.08 (5.28 to 6.81) | 28 (22 to 34) | 6.29 (5.13 to 7.71) | 0.49 (0.32 to 0.67) |
| High‐income Asia Pacific | 28 (27 to 29) | 13.77 (13.3 to 14.19) | 68 (58 to 78) | 15.56 (13.46 to 17.74) | −0.17 (−08 to 0.39) |
| Tropical Latin America | 2 (2 to 2) | 1.97 (1.88 to 2.04) | 6 (5 to 6) | 2.36 (2.22 to 2.48) | 1.05 (0.89 to 1.21) |
| Eastern Sub‐Saharan Africa |
2 (2 to 3) |
2.93 (2.44 to 3.7) | 5 (4 to 7) | 3.13 (2.6 to 3.81) | −0.03 (−0.15 to 0.1) |
| Australasia | 0.5 (0.5 to 0.5) | 2.05 (1.97 to 2.13) | 2 (2 to 3) | 4.59 (3.72 to 5.68) | 3.14 (2.87 to 3.41) |
| Western Sub‐Saharan Africa | 5 (4 to 6) | 5.45 (4.60 to 6.32) | 10 (8 to 11) | 4.93 (4.19 to 5.72) | −0.47 (−0.54 to −0.39) |
| Andean Latin America | 1 (0.9 to 1) | 4.90 (4.31 to 5.52) | 2 (1 to 2) | 3.11 (2.55 to 3.78) | −2.01 (−2.45 to −1.57) |
| Central Europe | 8 (7 to 8) | 5.25 (5.06 to 5.39) | 7 (6 to 8) | 3.29 (2.85 to 3.81) | −1.32 (−1.69 to −0.96) |
| Southern Latin America | 0.7 (0.6 to 0.8) | 1.56 (1.41 to 1.71) | 2 (2 to 2) | 2.33 (1.83 to 2.92) | 2.05 (1.81 to 2.30) |
| South Asia | 16 (13 to 18) | 2.66 (2.2 to 3.08) | 38 (33 to 43) | 2.66 (2.30 to 3.05) | −0.02 (−0.10 to 0.06) |
| East Asia | 241 (204 to 85) | 25.26 (21.46 to 29.74) | 217 (181 to 257) | 10.43 (8.76 to 12.30) | −4.60 (−5.39 to −3.80) |
| Southeast Asia | 17 (15 to 19) | 6.43 (5.69 to 7.06) | 43 (35 to 52) | 7.07 (5.87 to 8.61) | 0.31 (0.25 to 0.37) |
| Central Latin America | 3 (3 to 3) | 3.49 (3.24 to 3.68) | 8 (7 to 9) | 3.43 (2.96 to 3.97) | 0.11 (−0.22 to 0.43) |
| High‐income North America | 8 (7 to 8) | 2.20 (2.14 to 2.25) | 31 (26 to 37) | 5.18 (4.28 to 6.18) | 2.99 (2.79 to 3.20) |
| Caribbean | 2 (1 to 2) | 5.94 (5.52 to 6.30) | 2 (1 to 2) | 3.16 (2.63 to 3.77) | −2.09 (−2.89 to −1.28) |
| Southern Sub‐Saharan Africa | 2 (1 to 3) | 6.47 (4.52 to 10.72) | 4 (4 to 5) | 6.77 (6.07 to 7.61) | −0.43 (−1.00 to 0.14) |
| Oceania | 0.1 (0.01 to 0.1) | 3.65 (3.08 to 4.25) | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.3) | 3.28 (2.77 to 3.89) | −0.22 (−0.28 to −0.16) |
| Eastern Europe | 4 (4 to 4) | 1.52 (1.45 to 1.59) | 9 (8 to 11) | 2.84 (2.46 to 3.24) | 2.52 (2.27 to 2.78) |
| Central Sub‐Saharan Africa | 0.7 (0.6 to 0.8) | 2.63 (2.20 to 3.08) | 1 (1 to 2) | 2.30 (1.84 to 2.86) | −0.61 (−0.68 to −0.539) |
| Central Asia | 1 (1 to 2) | 3.13 (2.79 to 3.47) | 6 (5 to 7) | 8.27 (7.22 to 9.41) | 2.78 (2.24 to 3.32) |
| Western Europe | 20 (19 to 21) | 3.55 (3.43 to 3.64) | 46 (40 to 53) | 5.31 (4.59 to 6.12) | 1.37 (1.19 to 1.55) |
Abbreviations: ASR, age‐standardized incidence rate; EPAC, the estimated annual percentage change.