Table 3.

Plants and extracts with activity against Candida albicans containing polymicrobial biofilms.

Plant/extract	Antimicrobial used in combination	Bacterium interacting with C. albicans	Effect on polymicrobial biofilm	Reference
Commercial clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil	Fluconazole	S. aureus	10x increase in anti-biofilm activity	Budzyńska et al. (2017)
	Mupirocin		4x increase in anti-biofilm activity
Commercial rosemary (Rosmarinnus officialis) extract		E. faecalis/	Anti-biofilm activity	De Oliveira et al. (2017a)
		P. aeruginosa/
		S. aureus/
		S. mutans
Commercial thyme (Thymus vulgaris) extract		E. faecalis/	Anti-biofilm activity	De Oliveira et al. (2017b)
		P. aeruginosa/
		S. aureus/
		S. mutans
Cranberry extract		S. mutans	Inhibited cariogenic virulence properties	Philip et al. (2019)
Cajuputs candy (active ingredient is Melaleuca cajuputi essential oil)		S. mutans	Inhibited early biofilm development	Wijaya et al. (2019)
			↓ hyphal formation and bacterial adhesion
Ethanol extract of Lerak (Sapindus rarak) seeds		Combination of E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus	Inhibits pre-formed biofilms and removes EXM	Pratiwi & Hamzah (2020)
Commercial lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) essential oil		S. aureus	Dose dependent anti-biofilm activity	Gao et al. (2020)
			Inhibition of EXM production
Methanol extract of Allium oschaninii		Klebsiella pneumoniae	Inhibited biofilm formation	Galdiero et al. (2020a)
Methanol extract of Allium ursinum		K. pneumoniae	Inhibited biofilm formation	Galdiero et al. (2020a)
Ethanol extract of Rhamnus prinoides		S. mutans	Inhibited biofilm formation	Campbell et al. (2020)
LongZhang gargle (root and stem extract of Toddalia asiatica and Cimicifuga foetida		S. mutans	Inhibited biofilm formation	Gong et al. (2021)
			↓ hyphal formation, impacting biofilm structure