Table 4.

Plant-derived compounds with activity against polymicrobial biofilms.

Compound	Plant source	Bacterium interacting with C. albicans	Effect on polymicrobial biofilm	Reference
Curcumin	Curcuma longa	S. mutans	Inhibition	Li et al. (2019)
		S. aureus-P. aeruginosa- E. coli	Downregulation of C. albicans agglutinin-like genes	Tan et al. (2019)
			Inhibition	Ma et al. (2020)
				Hamzah et al. (2020a)
Gymnemic acid	Gymnema sylvestre	S. gordonii	Inhibit eDNA production, hyphal formation, adhesion. Downregulation of S. gordonii gtfG1)	Veerapandian and Vediyappan (2019)
Luteolin	Various	E. faecalis	Inhibition	Fu et al. (2021)
			Decrease in EXM production
Nepodin	Rumex crispus	S. aureus	Inhibition	Lee et al. (2019)
		A. baumannii	Decrease hyphal formation
Quercetin	Various	S. aureus- P. aeruginosa- E. coli	Anti-biofilm activity	Hamzah et al. (2020b)
Zerumbone	Zingiber zerumbet	S. aureus	Anti-biofilm activity	Shin and Esom (2019)
		S. aureus-P. aeruginosa- E. coli		Hamzah et al. (2020c)