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. 2022 Mar 4;209:109023. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109023

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Fig. 1 — Proposed mechanisms underlying neurological impact in COVID-19. Systemic inflammation induced by COVID-19, as well as brain invasion by viral proteins or SARS-CoV-2 can add up to cause blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, brain microvascular damage, and brain inflammation. Activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and accumulation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the brain, either by local production or from the periphery, triggers synaptic damage, leading to depressive and cognitive symptoms in COVID-19 patients. Created with BioRender.com.