Table 3.

Summary reports of CVST following the COVID-19 vaccination.

Vaccine	Number of cases	Age, Gender (F, M)	Interval (days) between vaccination and diagnosis	Clinical presentation	Imaging and lab findings	Treatment	Outcome	Author, year, ref
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, BNT162b2 mRNA, and mRNA-1273	A total of 213 ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (187 patients), BNT162b2 mRNA (25 patients), and mRNA-1273 (1 patient)	Median of age: 46 75% women in ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 recipients and 77% in mRNA vaccine recipients	Nine days in the ChAdOx1 nCov-19 group and 7 days in the mRNA vaccine group	NM	CVST in all of the patients Thrombocytopenia in 107 patients amongst 187 patients receiving the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine	NM	Of the 117 patients with a reported outcome in the ChAdOx1 nCov- 19 group, 44 died, compared to 2 deaths out of 10 deaths with reported outcome in the mRNA vaccine group and 3 deaths out of 100 patients with reported outcome in the pre- COVID- 19 group.	Krzywicka et al., 202194
	1	49 M=1	20	New-onset of mild to moderate headache and giddiness	CVST	Clexane, clopidogrel, and apixaban	Symptoms gradually improved	Zakaria et al., 202195
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (COVISHIELD)	1	56 M=1	14	Persistent holocranial headache associated with vomiting, and double vision in horizontal gaze	CVST	LMWH and warfarin	Significant improvement in clinical status	Dutta et al., 202196
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AstraZeneca)	1	52 M = 1	10	Nausea and thunderclap headache and pain on the left side of the neck	CVST Thrombocytopenia, positive anti-PF4 antibody, and elevated D-dimer level	Apixaban and IVIg	Discharged without any symptoms	Guan et al., 202197
	2	NM	NM	NM	CVT thrombocytopenia	Heparin, corticosteroid, IVIg in one patient, and decompressive craniectomy in both patients	Death	Geeraerts et al., 202198
	1	36 F=1	14	Fever with vomiting and severe headache, and sudden onset of focal left-sided convulsions for 5 min followed by weakness in the left arm.	CVST Thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia, leukocytosis, anemia, increased D-dimer level, and liver enzymes, high creatinine severe acidosis (acute kidney injury), and prolonged PT, PTT, and INR	Enoxaparin, antibiotics, and antivirals	Death	Aladdin et al., 202199
	2	24,39 F = 2	8, 12	Case 1: severe holocephalic headache(before admission), new left dull occipital headache(during admission) Case 2: severe persisting headache	Case 1: CVST Case 2: CVT with related small frontal right juxtacortical hemorrhage Thrombocytopenia, positive anti-PF4 antibody, increased D-dimer and decreased fibrinogen level	Case 1: danaparoid, dexamethasone, IVIg, argatroban, and dabigatran Case 2: IVIg, dexamethasone, and argatroban	Cases 1 and 2: discharged without any symptoms	Gattringer et al., 2021100
Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson/ Jansen)	1	40 F = 1	12	Headache, sinus pressure, myalgias, and sore throat with tonsillar exudate, photophobia, and intermittent dizziness	CVST Thrombocytopenia increased D-dimer levels, and mild elevation of serum transaminases	Bivalirudin, IVIg, prednisone	Resolution of headache and a steady improvement in laboratory markers of thrombocytopenia	Clark et al., 2021101
	1	48 F = 1	14	New-onset headache	CVST Severe thrombocytopenia, low fibrinogen level, prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, and marked elevation of the D-dimer level	UFH, Argatroban and IVIg	Remained critically ill	Muir et al., 2021102
	1	43 F=1	10	Generalized headache, fever, body aches, chills, and mild dyspnea, and lightheadedness	CVST Thrombocytopenia, positive anti-PF4 antibody, and elevated D-dimer level	IVIg and fondaparinux	TIA one day after discharge	Malik et al., 2021103

Note: CVST: Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis; Anti-PF4-antibody: anti-platelet factor 4 antibody; TIA: Transient Ischemic Attack; LMWH:Low Molecular Weight Heparin; IVIg: Intravenous Immunoglobulin; UFH: Unfractionated Heparin; NM: Not Mentioned; CRP: C-Reactive Protein); mRNA: messenger Ribonucleic Acid; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; PT: Prothrombin Time; PTT: Partial Thromboplastin Time; INR: International Normalized Ratio; aPTT: activated Partial Thromboplastin Time.