Figure 3.

SUMOylation of the RLR signaling pathway. A) The RLR signaling pathway. RIG‐I and MDA5 sense viral RNA and bind to the adapter protein MAVS, leading to MAVS aggregation and recruitment of TRAFs. The IKK complex and TBK1/IKKε are then activated to phosphorylate the transcription factors NF‐κB and IRF3/IRF7, which then translocate to the nucleus to induce the transcription of proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferons. B) SUMOylation of the components of the RLRs signaling pathway.