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. 2022 Jan 12;9(7):2104426. doi: 10.1002/advs.202104426

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© 2022 The Authors. Advanced Science published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PMC Copyright notice

Biochemical sensing principles for detecting biomarker in body fluid. a) (1–5) Biorecognition elements. Reproduced with permission.^[ ⁵⁶ ^] Copyright 2017, IOP Publishing. b) Ionophores. Reproduced with permission.^[ ⁵⁹ ^] Copyright 2016, Elsevier.