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. 2022 Jan 12;9(7):2104426. doi: 10.1002/advs.202104426

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Transducers for biochemical sensing. a) Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Reproduced with permission.[ 114 ] Copyright 2018, MDPI. b) Sensing efficacy improvement using antifouling self‐assembled monolayers for the real‐time biomarker monitoring in an ambulatory rat. Reproduced with permission.[ 122 ] Copyright 2017, National Academy of Sciences. c) Field‐effect transistors (FETs). Reproduced with permission.[ 127 ] Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. d) Graphene‐based FETs characterized in physiologically relevant environments (an artificial sweat with various ionic concentrations of the electrolyte). Reproduced with permission.[ 135 ] Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. e) Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). Reproduced with permission.[ 141 ] Copyright 2004, CIGR Journal. f) Cantilever. Reproduced with permission.[ 148 ] Copyright 2012, Elsevier. g) A 3D printed cantilever platform to overcome reproducibility and fabrication complexity issues. Reproduce with permission. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. h) Surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Reproduced with permission.[ 149 ] Copyright 2002, Springer Nature. i) A plasmonic sensing probe with tilted fiber Bragg grating imprinted on optical silica fibers. Reproduced with permission.[ 161 ] Copyright 2019, Elsevier. j) Colorimetric measurement. Reproduced with permission.[ 167 ] Copyright 2020, Elsevier. k) Microfluidic colorimetric detection reservoirs for the determination of multiple biomarker concentrations. Reproduced with permission.[ 164 ] Copyright 2016, AAAS.