TABLE 2.

Virulence factors delivered by EVs and function during pathogen infection.

Microbe	Virulence factors	Function	References
Bacteria
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Alkaline phosphatase, hemolytic phospholipase C, toxin Cif	Trigger pathological immune responses	Bomberger et al., 2009
Escherichia coli	Toxin V, EHEC- hemolysin	Trigger pathological immune responses	Bielaszewska et al., 2017
Xyllela fastidiosa	Lipases, esterases, proteases, porins, pectin lyase-like protein, and signaling factors	Unclear	Feitosa-Junior et al., 2019
Bradyrhizobium japonicum	Small RNAs	Unclear	Ren et al., 2019
Fungi
Candida albicans	Agglutinins, lysophospholipases, and secreted aspartic proteases		Konecňá et al., 2019
Cryptococcus gatti	Unclear	Promote infection of pathogen in host	Bielska et al., 2018
Sporothrix brasiliensis	Unclear	Promote infection pathogen in host	Ikeda et al., 2018
Beauveria bassiana	Small RNAs, mRNAs	Modulate host immune responses	Cui et al., 2019
Botrytis cinerea	Small RNAs, mRNAs	Modulate host immune responses	Weiberg et al., 2013
Verticillium dahliae	Small RNAs, mRNAs	Modulate host immune responses	Wang et al., 2016
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici	Small RNAs, mRNAs	Modulate host immune responses	Wang M. et al., 2017
Ustilago. maydis	Small RNAs, mRNAs	Modulate host immune responses	Kwon et al., 2021
Oomycete
Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis	Small RNAs, mRNAs	Modulate host immune responses	Dunker et al., 2020
Nematode
Heligmosomoides polygyrus	microRNAs, Y RNAs, Argonaute protein	Suppress innate immune responses in mice	Buck et al., 2014
Apicomplexan parasite
Plasmodium falciparum	miRNAs	Trigger host systemic inflammatory responses and promote infection by pathogen in host	Mantel et al., 2016