TABLE 4.
HR of animal, healthful plant, and unhealthful plant-based foods, mutually adjusted, and prostate cancer risk by age subgroup in 47,239 men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study1
| Q 1 | Q 2 | Q 3 | Q 4 | Q 5 | P-trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age <65 y | ||||||
| Total prostate cancer2 | ||||||
| Animal | 1 [Reference] | 1.21 (1.03, 1.41) | 1.30 (1.10, 1.53) | 1.28 (1.08, 1.53) | 1.13 (0.92, 1.38) | 0.52 |
| Healthful plant | 1 [Reference] | 0.95 (0.83, 1.09) | 0.80 (0.69, 0.93) | 0.79 (0.68, 0.93) | 0.81 (0.68, 0.96) | 0.002 |
| Unhealthful plant | 1 [Reference] | 1.00 (0.86, 1.16) | 0.93 (0.79, 1.09) | 0.93 (0.79, 1.09) | 0.88 (0.72, 1.08) | 0.14 |
| Localized prostate cancer2 | ||||||
| Animal | 1 [Reference] | 1.19 (0.99, 1.43) | 1.38 (1.14, 1.67) | 1.27 (1.03, 1.57) | 1.06 (0.83, 1.36) | 0.98 |
| Healthful plant | 1 [Reference] | 0.94 (0.80, 1.10) | 0.82 (0.69, 0.98) | 0.80 (0.66, 0.96) | 0.74 (0.60, 0.91) | 0.001 |
| Unhealthful plant | 1 [Reference] | 1.09 (0.91, 1.31) | 1.04 (0.85, 1.27) | 0.98 (0.79, 1.22) | 1.05 (0.82, 1.34) | 0.94 |
| Advanced prostate cancer2 | ||||||
| Animal | 1 [Reference] | 1.43 (0.79, 2.58) | 1.48 (0.79, 2.75) | 1.52 (0.79, 2.94) | 1.53 (0.75, 3.13) | 0.38 |
| Healthful plant | 1 [Reference] | 1.04 (0.64, 1.68) | 0.81 (0.48, 1.36) | 0.57 (0.32, 1.02) | 0.63 (0.34, 1.14) | 0.04 |
| Unhealthful plant | 1 [Reference] | 0.86 (0.52, 1.41) | 0.63 (0.36, 1.10) | 0.54 (0.29, 0.99) | 0.42 (0.21, 0.85) | 0.01 |
| Lethal prostate cancer2 | ||||||
| Animal | 1 [Reference] | 1.68 (1.02, 2.77) | 1.40 (0.81, 2.39) | 1.54 (0.89, 2.69) | 1.49 (0.82, 2.72) | 0.46 |
| Healthful plant | 1 [Reference] | 0.87 (0.58, 1.31) | 0.69 (0.45, 1.07) | 0.59 (0.37, 0.94) | 0.58 (0.35, 0.95) | 0.01 |
| Unhealthful plant | 1 [Reference] | 0.70 (0.46, 1.08) | 0.53 (0.33, 0.87) | 0.66 (0.40, 1.08) | 0.55 (0.31, 0.97) | 0.08 |
| Fatal prostate cancer2 | ||||||
| Animal | 1 [Reference] | 1.69 (0.98, 2.91) | 1.52 (0.85, 2.71) | 1.52 (0.83, 2.78) | 1.50 (0.78, 2.87) | 0.53 |
| Healthful plant | 1 [Reference] | 0.82 (0.52, 1.28) | 0.67 (0.42, 1.07) | 0.58 (0.35, 0.96) | 0.61 (0.36, 1.03) | 0.04 |
| Unhealthful plant | 1 [Reference] | 0.69 (0.43, 1.10) | 0.54 (0.32, 0.92) | 0.62 (0.36, 1.07) | 0.62 (0.34, 1.13) | 0.20 |
| Age ≥65 y | ||||||
| Total prostate cancer2 | ||||||
| Animal | 1 [Reference] | 0.97 (0.89, 1.07) | 1.07 (0.97, 1.19) | 1.11 (1.00, 1.24) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.15) | 0.51 |
| Healthful plant | 1 [Reference] | 0.96 (0.87, 1.06) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.13) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.11) | 0.97 (0.86, 1.08) | 0.64 |
| Unhealthful plant | 1 [Reference] | 1.04 (0.95, 1.15) | 1.07 (0.97, 1.18) | 1.01 (0.90, 1.13) | 0.98 (0.86, 1.10) | 0.37 |
| Localized prostate cancer2 | ||||||
| Animal | 1 [Reference] | 0.96 (0.86, 1.08) | 1.06 (0.94, 1.20) | 1.08 (0.95, 1.24) | 0.97 (0.83, 1.13) | 0.92 |
| Healthful plant | 1 [Reference] | 0.97 (0.83, 1.13) | 1.04 (0.92, 1.17) | 1.01 (0.89, 1.15) | 0.98 (0.86, 1.13) | 0.72 |
| Unhealthful plant | 1 [Reference] | 1.05 (0.93, 1.18) | 1.08 (0.95, 1.22) | 1.04 (0.91, 1.19) | 1.04 (0.91, 1.19) | 0.66 |
| Advanced prostate cancer2 | ||||||
| Animal | 1 [Reference] | 1.07 (0.75, 1.53) | 1.09 (0.75, 1.58) | 1.05 (0.70, 1.58) | 1.32 (0.86, 2.03) | 0.19 |
| Healthful plant | 1 [Reference] | 1.15 (0.79, 1.67) | 1.42 (0.98, 2.04) | 1.18 (0.80, 1.74) | 1.03 (0.68, 1.56) | 0.81 |
| Unhealthful plant | 1 [Reference] | 1.09 (0.77, 1.53) | 1.03 (0.72, 1.47) | 0.94 (0.64, 1.38) | 0.85 (0.55, 1.31) | 0.33 |
| Lethal prostate cancer2 | ||||||
| Animal | 1 [Reference] | 1.01 (0.79, 1.29) | 1.10 (0.85, 1.43) | 1.09 (0.83, 1.44) | 1.17 (0.87, 1.59) | 0.29 |
| Healthful plant | 1 [Reference] | 0.94 (0.73, 1.22) | 1.10 (0.86, 1.42) | 1.01 (0.78, 1.32) | 1.06 (0.80, 1.40) | 0.64 |
| Unhealthful plant | 1 [Reference] | 1.08 (0.86, 1.35) | 0.96 (0.75, 1.23) | 0.89 (0.68, 1.17) | 0.78 (0.57, 1.06) | 0.05 |
| Fatal prostate cancer2 | ||||||
| Animal | 1 [Reference] | 1.04 (0.79, 1.36) | 1.09 (0.83, 1.45) | 1.15 (0.85, 1.55) | 1.16 (0.83, 1.62) | 0.36 |
| Healthful plant | 1 [Reference] | 0.83 (0.63, 1.09) | 0.99 (0.75, 1.29) | 0.94 (0.71, 1.25) | 0.95 (0.70, 1.28) | 0.99 |
| Unhealthful plant | 1 [Reference] | 1.12 (0.87, 1.44) | 1.02 (0.78, 1.34) | 0.86 (0.64, 1.16) | 0.75 (0.54, 1.05) | 0.03 |
1Values are presented as HRs (95% Cis) unless otherwise indicated. The healthful plant-based foods from Satija et al. (3)include whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, vegetable oils, tea, and coffee; whereas, unhealthful plant-based foods include potatoes, refined grains, fruit juices, sugar-sweetened beverages, sweets, and desserts. Q, quintile.
2Localized prostate cancer: stage T1/T2 and N0, M0 at diagnosis; advanced prostate cancer: stage T3b/T4/N1/M1 at diagnosis; lethal prostate cancer: prostate cancer death or distant metastasis; fatal prostate cancer: prostate cancer death.