TABLE 3.
Postprandial summary measures for serum lipid, glucose, and insulin responses to sequential high-fat mixed-meal challenges representative of the FA-modified and conventional (control) dairy diets consumed preintervention (week 0/week 20) and postintervention (week 12/week 32), and the Δ following each 12-wk dietary intervention in adults with moderate CVD risk1
| Modified diet and test meal | Control diet and test meal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preintervention | Postintervention | Δ | Preintervention | Postintervention | Δ | P 2 | |
| TGs | |||||||
| Cmax, mmol/L | 2.84 ± 0.15 | 2.93 ± 0.18 | 0.12 ± 0.15 | 2.58 ± 0.12 | 2.57 ± 0.14 | 0.06 ± 0.11 | 0.620 |
| Tmax, min | 359 ± 9 | 330 ± 10 | −25 ± 11 | 334 ± 9 | 324 ± 12 | −10 ± 25 | 0.429 |
| AUC,3 mmol/L × min | 953 ± 52 | 1018 ± 72 | 72 ± 55 | 879 ± 41 | 906 ± 54 | 55 ± 40 | 0.260 |
| iAUC,3 mmol/L × min3 | 354 ± 25 | 388 ± 30 | 34 ± 28 | 321 ± 23 | 332 ± 27 | 19 ± 20 | 0.138 |
| apoB | |||||||
| Cmax, g/mL | 1.04 ± 0.03 | 1.05 ± 0.03 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 1.03 ± 0.03 | 1.07 ± 0.03 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.293 |
| Tmax, min | 209 ± 23 | 208 ± 22 | −1 ± 31 | 210 ± 22 | 224 ± 23 | 14 ± 29 | 0.360 |
| NEFAs | |||||||
| Cmin30–330,3 μmol/L | 113 ± 6 | 111 ± 6 | −3 ± 6 | 109 ± 5 | 118 ± 6 | 11 ± 6 | 0.054 |
| Tmin30–330,3 min | 139 ± 6 | 129 ± 5 | −10 ± 7 | 134 ± 7 | 131 ± 6 | −3 ± 7 | 0.884 |
| Suppression30–330,3 % | 79 ± 1 | 77 ± 1 | 2 ± 1 | 78 ± 2 | 75 ± 1 | 4 ± 2 | 0.147 |
| Cmax120–480,3 μmol/L | 442 ± 19 | 452 ± 21 | 4 ± 22 | 482 ± 20 | 458 ± 17 | −25 ± 24 | 0.721 |
| Tmax120–480, min | 361 ± 5 | 322 ± 15 | −42 ± 17 | 358 ± 6 | 354 ± 5 | −3 ± 7 | 0.083 |
| AUC120–480,3 mmol/L × min | 92 ± 4 | 95 ± 4 | 2 ± 4 | 97 ± 4 | 97 ± 3 | 1 ± 3 | 0.509 |
| iAUC120–480,3 mmol/L × min | 46 ± 3 | 50 ± 4 | 4 ± 4 | 52 ± 4 | 50 ± 3 | -3 ± 4 | 0.553 |
| Glucose | |||||||
| Cmax,3 mmol/L | 8.25 ± 0.21 | 8.38 ± 0.20 | –0.10 ± 0.22 | 8.02 ± 0.20 | 8.07 ± 0.22 | 0.06 ± 0.16 | 0.221 |
| Tmax, min | 223 ± 24 | 258 ± 25 | 31 ± 27 | 251 ± 24 | 287 ± 23 | 16 ± 25 | 0.900 |
| AUC,3 mmol/L × min | 2937 ± 61 | 2925 ± 63 | –15 ± 32 | 2866 ± 59 | 2888 ± 85 | 44 ± 42 | 0.425 |
| iAUC, mmol/L × min | 345 ± 39 | 358 ± 49 | 14 ± 50 | 263 ± 42 | 302 ± 38 | 53 ± 42 | 0.613 |
| Insulin | |||||||
| Cmax, pmol/L | 560 ± 49 | 587 ± 55 | 26 ± 23 | 515 ± 38 | 501 ± 28 | –18 ± 27 | 0.303 |
| Tmax, min | 165 ± 24 | 203 ± 24 | 20 ± 30 | 227 ± 24 | 171 ± 23 | –63 ± 25 | 0.222 |
| AUC,3 µmol/L × min | 122 ± 10 | 120 ± 12 | –1 ± 6 | 114 ± 8 | 111 ± 7 | –1 ± 3 | 0.592 |
| iAUC,3 µmol/L × min | 102 ± 9 | 101 ± 11 | 0 ± 6 | 95 ± 7 | 89 ± 6 | –5 ± 4 | 0.326 |
Values are untransformed and unadjusted means ± SEMs. For all variables, n = 46; except for apoB, n = 47; NEFAs, n = 44; and insulin, n = 45. Time interval for AUC and iAUC: 480 min for all variables, except for 360 min for NEFAs. Cmax, maximum concentration; Cmin, minimum concentration; CVD, cardiovascular disease; FA, fatty acid; iAUC, incremental AUC; NEFA, nonesterified fatty acid; TG, triacylglycerol; Tmax, time to reach maximum concentration; Tmin, time to reach minimum concentration; Δ, change from preintervention.
Linear mixed-model analyses were used to calculate overall treatment effect based on Δ in each 12-wk dietary intervention (calculated by subtracting week 0 from week 12 values and week 20 from week 32 values), with adjustments made for fixed effects of baseline values of the assessed outcome measure at the beginning of each dietary period (i.e., the postprandial summary measure for the preintervention visit), period, treatment, sex, age, and BMI. Participant was included as a random effect. No period effects were observed in the model for any outcome measure. For all outcome measures, P ≤ 0.01 was deemed as significant to acknowledge multiplicity.
Indicates data were log transformed prior to analysis.