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. 2022 Jan 10;115(3):679–693. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab428

TABLE 4.

Postprandial summary measures for endothelial function and circulating biomarkers of endothelial activation and inflammatory responses to sequential high-fat, mixed-meal challenges representative of the FA-modified and conventional (control) dairy diets consumed preintervention (week 0/week 20) and postintervention (week 12/week 32), and the Δ following each 12-wk dietary intervention in adults with moderate CVD risk1

Modified diet and test meal Control diet and test meal
Preintervention Postintervention Δ Preintervention Postintervention Δ P 2
Plasma nitrite,3 μmol/L × min
 AUC 63.8 ± 7.8 64.5 ± 8.2 0.6 ± 5.3 65.5 ± 59.8 59.8 ± 10.4 –4.4 ± 8.1 0.552
 iAUC 4.2 ± 4.8 –2.2 ± 2.5 –6.4 ± 5.0 –0.8 ± 4.7 10.1 ± 5.1 10.9 ± 6.8 0.027
Plasma nitrate,3 μmol/L × min
 AUC 5715 ± 517 5679 ± 329 –36 ± 400 5288 ± 271 5671 ± 461 489 ± 466 0.352
 iAUC –1656 ± 302 –1734 ± 338 –78 ± 379 –1703 ± 248 –1160 ± 311 510 ± 370 0.086
Adhesion molecules,3 ng/mL × min
 Plasma sVCAM-1
  AUC 225.9 ± 15.3 224.3 ± 15.0 –1.6 ± 6.1 236.6 ± 16.2 222.2 ± 16.6 –18.8 ± 9.9 0.134
  iAUC –0.8 ± 4.2 –2.6 ± 5.4 –1.8 ± 7.9 3.7 ± 5.6 3.2 ± 3.1 –0.5 ± 6.2 0.286
 Plasma sICAM-1
  AUC 37.7 ± 3.7 35.7 ± 3.3 –2.0 ± 1.5 36.4 ± 3.8 37.6 ± 4.0 1.2 ± 1.6 0.407
  iAUC 0.7 ± 1.5 1.0 ± 1.7 0.3 ± 2.5 1.0 ± 1.8 –0.9 ± 1.7 –1.9 ± 2.7 0.329
 Plasma E-selectin
  AUC 10.3 ± 1.0 10.5 ± 0.9 0.1 ± 0.2 10.3 ± 0.9 10.7 ± 1.0 0.2 ± 0.3 0.841
  iAUC3 –0.3 ± 0.2 –0.3 ± 0.2 0.0 ± 0.3 –0.3 ± 0.2 –0.2 ± 0.2 0.1 ± 0.2 0.618
 Plasma P-selectin
  AUC 10.7 ± 0.7 10.9 ± 0.8 0.2 ± 0.2 10.7 ± 0.7 11.1 ± 0.8 0.4 ± 0.3 0.845
  iAUC 0.0 ± 0.2 –0.4 ± 0.2 –0.4 ± 0.4 –0.5 ± 0.2 0.1 ± 0.2 0.6 ± 0.3 0.340
Whole-blood culture LPS-stimulated cytokines, mg × 103 monocytes × min
 TNF-α
  AUC3 4.94 ± 0.33 5.41 ± 0.30 0.47 ± 0.22 4.99 ± 0.29 5.49 ± 0.30 0.60 ± 0.35 0.858
  iAUC –0.17 ± 0.20 –0.19 ± 0.21 –0.02 ± 0.28 0.16 ± 0.24 –0.26 ± 0.16 –0.41 ± 0.26 0.854
 IL-6
  AUC3 32.8 ± 1.7 35.4 ± 2.0 2.6 ± 1.0 33.0 ± 1.7 35.0 ± 1.8 2.0 ± 1.6 0.474
  iAUC –2.15 ± 0.98 –2.14 ± 1.08 0.01 ± 1.58 0.47 ± 1.31 –2.66 ± 0.87 –3.13 ± 1.48 0.941
 IL-1β
  AUC3 11.8 ± 0.6 12.0 ± 0.6 0.2 ± 0.4 12.5 ± 0.6 13.5 ± 0.7 1.2 ± 0.7 0.138
  iAUC 0.32 ± 0.35 0.52 ± 0.33 0.20 ± 0.50 1.50 ± 0.36 1.24 ± 0.41 –0.23 ± 0.57 0.050
 IL-8
  AUC 48.9 ± 3.9 54.1 ± 5.7 3.9 ± 4.5 51.2 ± 5.8 48.9 ± 5.6 –1.1 ± 4.9 0.134
  iAUC –4.32 ± 2.45 –2.91 ± 3.26 1.41 ± 3.34 –3.40 ± 4.17 –6.92 ± 2.64 –3.52 ± 3.37 0.150
 IL-10
  AUC 0.29 ± 0.02 0.30 ± 0.03 0.01 ± 0.02 0.35 ± 0.04 0.31 ± 0.03 –0.03 ± 0.03 0.234
  iAUC –0.06 ± 0.02 –0.06 ± 0.02 –0.01 ± 0.03 –0.03 ± 0.02 –0.08 ± 0.02 –0.05 ± 0.03 0.855
1

Values are untransformed and unadjusted means ± SEMs. For all variables, n = 50; except for TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, n = 49, and IL-8, n = 47. The time interval for AUC and iAUC: 420 min for all variables. CVD, cardiovascular disease; FA, fatty acid; iAUC, incremental AUC; sICAM-1, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1; sVCAM-1, soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1; Δ, change from preintervention.

2

Linear mixed-model analyses were used to calculate overall treatment effect based on Δ in each 12-wk dietary intervention (calculated by subtracting week 0 from week 12 values and week 20 from week 32 values), with adjustments made for fixed effects of baseline values of the assessed outcome measure at the beginning of each dietary period (i.e., the postprandial summary measure for the preintervention visit), period, treatment, sex, age, and BMI. Participant was included as a random effect. No period effects were observed in the model for any outcome measure. For all outcome measures, P ≤ 0.01 was deemed significant to acknowledge multiplicity.

3

Indicates data were log transformed prior to analysis.