Table 3.

Key characteristics of studies examining the measurement of alcohol via a smartphone.

Study	Country	App name	Publicly available	Measurement approach	Measurement properties assessed
					Reliability	Measurement error	Content validity	Construct validity	Criterion validity	Responsiveness	Risk of bias
Arnold et al [3]	United States	AlcoGait	NRa	Passive objective	—b	—	—	—	✓	✓	Very good
Bae et al [67]	United States	AWARE	Yes	Passive objective	—	—	—	✓	—	✓	Very good
Barrio et al [74]	Spain	SIDEAL	No	Self-report	—	—	—	✓	—	—	Doubtful
Bernhardt et al [90]	United States	HAND	NR	Self-report	—	—	—	✓	—	—	Very good
Dulin et al [72]	United States	LBMI-Ac	NR	Self-report	—	✓	—	✓	—	—	Adequate
Kim et al [76]	United States	SPAQd	NR	Active objective	✓	✓	—	—	—	—	Inadequate
Kizakevich et al [73]	United States	PHITe for duty	No	Self-report	—	—	—	✓	—	—	Very good
Luczak et al [66]	United States	Intellidrink	Yes	Self-report	—	—	—	✓	—	—	Very good
Matsumuraet al [77]	Japan	Spiral	NR	Active objective	✓	—	—	—	—	✓	Very good
McAfee et al [78]	United States	AlcoGait and AlcoWear Smartwatch app	N/Af	Passive objective	—	—	—	✓	—	✓	Doubtful
Monk et al [71]	United Kingdom	NR	NR	Self-report	—	—	—	✓	—	—	Very good
Paolillo et al [70]	United States	NR	N/A	Self-report	—	—	✓	✓	—	—	Very good
Poulton et al [89]	Australia	CNLab-A	Yes	Self-report	—	—	—	✓	—	—	Adequate
Santani et al [79]	Switzerland	Sensor logger and Drink logger	No	Passive objective	—	—	—	✓	—	✓	Doubtful
Swendeman et al [68]	United States	Ohmage	Yes	Self-report	—	✓	—	✓	—	—	Doubtful
Wray et al [69]	United States	Metricwire	No	Self-report	—	—	—	✓	—	—	Adequate

^aNR: not reported.

^bNo reporting of measurement property assessed.

^cLBMIA: Location-Based Monitoring and Intervention for Alcohol Use Disorders.

^dSPAQ: Smartphone Addiction Questionnaire.

^ePHIT: Personal Health Intervention Toolkit.

^fN/A: not applicable.