Table 2. Univariable and Multivariable Logistic Regression for the Association Between Cost-Related Barriers to Medication Adherence by Race and Ethnicity.
| Variable | Non-Hispanic White (n = 2875) | Non-Hispanic African American (n = 481) | Non-Hispanic Asian (n = 119) | Hispanic (n = 351) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P valuea | OR (95% CI) | P valuea | OR (95% CI) | P valuea | ||
| Univariable logistic regression | |||||||
| Could not afford medication | 1 [Reference] | 3.21 (2.44-4.19) | <.001 | 1.69 (0.89-2.94) | .09 | 2.83 (2.06-3.86) | <.001 |
| Skipped medication to save money | 1 [Reference] | 2.55 (1.80-3.58) | <.001 | 1.17 (0.45-2.49) | .72 | 1.47 (0.90-2.30) | .14 |
| Took less medication to save money | 1 [Reference] | 2.10 (1.49-2.93) | <.001 | 1.34 (0.59-2.63) | .44 | 1.30 (0.81-2.01) | .34 |
| Delayed filling medication | 1 [Reference] | 1.97 (1.45-2.65) | <.001 | 1.61 (0.85-2.80) | .12 | 1.54 (1.05-2.21) | .03 |
| Asked for lower-cost medication | 1 [Reference] | 0.82 (0.63-1.06) | .26 | 0.89 (0.54-1.42) | .65 | 1.11 (0.84-1.46) | .58 |
| Bought medications from another country | 1 [Reference] | 0.10 (0.02-0.32) | .002 | 2.00 (0.92-3.84) | .07 | 1.17 (0.66-1.94) | .57 |
| Used alternative medication to save money | 1 [Reference] | 1.59 (1.06-2.33) | .03 | 1.11 (0.43-2.37) | .80 | 1.75 (1.11-2.64) | .02 |
| Multivariable logistic regressionb | |||||||
| Could not afford medication | 1 [Reference] | 1.82 (1.34-2.44) | <.001 | 1.67 (0.85-3.03) | .14 | 1.77 (1.25-2.49) | .002 |
| Skipped medication to save money | 1 [Reference] | 1.27 (0.87-1.85) | .36 | 1.02 (0.38-2.29) | .96 | 0.77 (0.46-1.24) | .47 |
| Took less medication to save money | 1 [Reference] | 1.16 (0.80-1.67) | .62 | 1.21 (0.52-2.49) | .78 | 0.75 (0.45-1.20) | .44 |
| Delayed filling medication | 1 [Reference] | 1.14 (0.82-1.58) | .47 | 1.31 (0.67-2.38) | .47 | 0.91 (0.61-1.35) | .69 |
| Asked for lower-cost medication | 1 [Reference] | 0.78 (0.58-1.02) | .13 | 0.89 (0.53-1.44) | .70 | 1.20 (0.89-1.60) | .33 |
| Bought medications from another country | 1 [Reference] | 0.12 (0.02-0.40) | .04 | 2.27 (1.03-4.45) | .17c | 1.48 (0.80-2.58) | .55 |
| Used alternative medication to save money | 1 [Reference] | 0.97 (0.63-1.46) | .99 | 0.88 (0.33-1.94) | .97 | 1.15 (0.71-1.80) | .82 |
Abbreviation: OR, odds ratio.
a
P values were generated using the Holm-Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons, while 95% CIs are unadjusted for Holm-Bonferroni.
b
Adjusted for age, gender, insurance status, education, and income.
c
P value without Holm-Bonferroni adjustment = .03.