Table 1.

Urological cancer associated lncRNAs

IncRNA	lncRNA functional group *	Urological cancer type	Sample size	Differential Expression	Fold change	Potential Cancer Impact	Hazard ratio	Study reference
MALAT1	Scaffold [169] Decoy [170]	Bladder	95	Upregulated	Not described	Poor survival	1.26 (0.68–2.13)	[171]
		Prostate	14	Upregulated	Not described	Not described	Not described	[80]
NEAT1	Scaffold [7] Decoy [7]	Prostate	30	Upregulated	2.101	Not described	Not described	[172]
LINC00346	Not described	Bladder	52	Upregulated	Not described	promotes bladder cancer migration and invasion	Not described	[173]
KCNQ1OT1	Guide [174] signal [175]	Bladder	30	Upregulated	Not described	KCNQ1OT1 facilitates the progress-sion of bladder cancer by targeting MiR-218–5p/HS3ST3B1	Not described	[176]
LOC400891	Not described	Prostate (All patients underwent radical prostatectomy or laparo-scopic radical prostatectomy)	81	Upregulated	Gene chip – 4. 1 QPCR – 2.4	Unfavor-able prognosis	Multi-variate Tumor stage - 1.823 Multi-variate LOC400891 expression - 2.116	[177]
PCA3	Scaffold [178]	Prostate	56	Upregulated	10–100-fold overexpression	Not described	Not described	[64]
PCAT1	Decoy [179]	High-risk prostate cancer (Gleason ≥ 7) and metastasis prostate cancer	58 prostate cancer tissues 20 prostate cancer xeno-grafts	Upregulated	Not described	Not described	Not described	[73]
PCAT18	Not described	Prostate	160	Upregulated	8.8–11.1 fold	potential therapeutic target for metastatic prostate cancer	Not described	[79]
PCAT7	Decoy [84]	Prostate cancer with bone metastasis	57	Upregulated	Not described	promotes PCa bone metastasis	1.85 3.97	[84]
SChLAP1	Decoy [180]	Prostate	208	Upregulated	Not described	SChLAP1 expression is associated with prostate cancer progression	univariate (hazard ratio = 2.343. multivariate (hazard ratio = 1.99	[87]
PCGEM1	Scaffold [181]	Prostate (cells of African American patients)	Not described	Upregulated	Not described	increased expression level with high-risk CaP patients and African-American race is significantly related to PCGEM1 expression in tumor cells	Not described	[91]
PCGEM1		Prostate (African American patients)	30 patients (15 African-Amer-ican, 15 (Caucasian- Amer-ican)	Upregulated	Not described	Not described	Not described	[93]
HOTAIR	Scaffold [181] Guide [6]	Prostate (CRPC)	Not described	Upregulated	Not described	Drives Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer	Kaplan-Meier analysis of PCa outcome using the GEO: GSE21034 dataset	[145]
HORAS5	Not described	Prostate	Not described	Upregulated	12.51	Poorer clinical outcome in human PCa samples	Disease‐free survival based on  HORAS5  expression [cBioportal, TCGA  PCa database, 456 vs 35 (Elevated HORAS5) patients]	[138]
CTBP1-AS	Decoy [180]	Prostate	105 prostate cancer samples	Upregulated	Not described	Associated with prostate cancer castration-resistant tumour growth and activates AR signals	Not described	[139, 182]
ARLNC1	Not described	Prostate	14 prostate cancer cell lines	Upregulated	Not described	Strongly associated with AR signaling in prostate cancer progression	Not described	[147]
PCAT29	Decoy [183]	Prostate	Not described	Downregulated	0.29 ± 0.15 in tumor tissues as compared to normal tissues	Supp-resses prostate cancer cell proliferation	Not described	[182]
GAS5	Scaffold [184] Decoy [6]	Prostate	Not described	Downregulated	Not described	Pro-apoptosis	Not described	[185]

^*lncRNA functional groups subject to change