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Mesenchymal progenitor cell (MPC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) promote collagen II deposition when injected into the joint space of a full-thickness cartilage defect. Suspension bioreactors can be used to scale up MPC-EV production to provide clinically relevant numbers of EVs. MPC-EVs generated under the dynamic conditions found within the suspension bioreactor environment may enhance their chondrogenic characteristics.
