Table 4.
Prevalence of Key Imaging Findings
| Imaging Finding/Involved Structure | Prevalence |
|---|---|
| Lack of sinonasal mucosal enhancement (including “black turbinate” sign) | 87 (86%) |
| Perisinus inflammation | 101 (100%) |
| Orbital apex | 33 (33%) |
| Ischemic optic neuropathy | 12 (11.8%) |
| Skull base involvement | 25 (24.7%) |
| Cavernous sinus/pachymeningeal involvement | 32 (31.6%) |
| Meckel’s cave involvement | 26 (25.7%) |
| Leptomeningitis | 17 (16.8%) |
| Cerebritis | 12 (11.8%) |
| Intracerebral abscess | 5 (4.9%) |
| Perineural spread | 29 (28.7%) |
| Ischemic stroke | 10 (10%); n = 2 posterior circulation |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage–aneurysmal rupture | 2 (1.9%) |
| Extension of the infective process along the fifth nerve into the brainstem | 1 (1%) |