Table 2.
Associations of rest-activity parameters with 2-hour glucose level, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR
| Dependent variables | Rest-activity rhythm parameters | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
| Regression coefficient (95% CI) | P value | Regression coefficient (95% CI) | P value | Regression coefficient (95% CI) |
P value | ||
| 2-hour glucose* | RA | −3.11 (−4.52 to −1.70) | <0.001 | −3.17 (−4.37 to −1.97) | <0.001 | −2.66 (−3.94 to −1.38) | <0.001 |
| IV | 3.06 (1.55 to 4.57) | <0.001 | 3.17 (1.66 to 4.68) | 0.001 | 3.01 (1.52 to 4.49) | 0.001 | |
| IS | −0.76 (−2.29 to 0.78) | 0.36 | −1.01 (−2.54 to 0.52) | 0.21 | −0.87 (−2.39 to 0.64) | 0.28 | |
| M10 start time | 0.01 (−0.56 to 0.76) | 0.75 | 0.08 (−0.55 to 0.71) | 0.70 | 0.03 (−0.55 to 0.62) | 0.80 | |
| L5 start time | −0.20 (−1.18 to 0.77) | 0.56 | 0.18 (−0.71 to 1.06) | 0.82 | 0.28 (−0.59 to 1.14) | 0.65 | |
| Fasting glucose† | RA | −0.49 (−0.89 to −0.08) | 0.018 | −0.31 (−0.67 to 0.06) | 0.10 | −0.10 (−0.43 to 0.23) | 0.53 |
| IV | −0.25 (−0.68 to 0.17) | 0.24 | −0.19 (−0.69 to 0.31) | 0.45 | −0.28 (−0.69 to 0.17) | 0.23 | |
| IS | 0.13 (−0.35 to 0.61) | 0.59 | 0.10 (−0.37 to 0.58) | 0.66 | 0.16 (−0.27 to 0.60) | 0.45 | |
| M10 start time | 0.032 (−0.085 to 0.15) | 0.58 | −0.01 (−0.13 to 0.12) | 0.90 | −0.03 (−0.16 to 0.10) | 0.63 | |
| L5 start time | 0.07 (−0.18 to 3.23) | 0.57 | 0.11 (−0.13 to 0.34) | 0.36 | 0.15 (−0.06 to 0.35) | 0.16 | |
| Fasting insulin‡ | RA | −1.08 (−1.58 to −0.59) | 0.006 | −0.91 (−1.38 to −0.43) | 0.026 | −0.54 (−0.94 to −0.15) | 0.32 |
| IV | 0.51 (0.08 to 0.95) | 0.21 | 0.67 (0.22 to 1.13) | 0.09 | 0.54 (0.14 to 0.93) | 0.21 | |
| IS | −0.27 (−0.69 to 0.15) | 0.77 | −0.33 (−0.77 to 0.12) | 0.58 | −0.20 (−0.61 to 0.21) | 0.84 | |
| M10 start time | 0.18 (−0.05 to 0.42) | 0.15 | 0.17 (−0.04 to 0.38) | 0.14 | 0.11 (−0.11 to 0.33) | 0.33 | |
| L5 start time | 0.01 (−0.23 to 0.25) | 0.60 | 0.13 (−0.10 to 0.36) | 0.62 | 0.19 (−0.004 to 0.39) | 0.15 | |
| HOMA-IR‡ | RA | −0.29 (−0.41 to −0.16) | 0.006 | −0.24 (−0.36 to −0.12) | 0.025 | −0.14 (−0.24 to −0.04) | 0.33 |
| IV | 0.13 (0.01 to 0.25) | 0.35 | 0.17 (0.05 to 0.30) | 0.17 | 0.14 (0.03 to 0.24) | 0.35 | |
| IS | −0.07 (−0.18 to 0.04) | 0.90 | −0.08 (−0.20 to 0.32) | 0.70 | −0.05 (−0.16 to 0.06) | 0.71 | |
| M10 start time | 0.18 (−0.05 to 0.42) | 0.15 | 0.05 (−0.01 to 0.10) | 0.16 | 0.03 (−0.03 to 0.09) | 0.39 | |
| L5 start time | 0.05 (−0.01 to 0.11) | 0.15 | 0.05 (−0.01 to 0.11) | 0.57 | 0.06 (0.01 to 0.11) | 0.12 | |
Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, and ethnicity.
Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, ratio of family income to poverty level, physical activity, and smoking.
Model 3: adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, ratio of family income to poverty level, physical activity, smoking, BMI, and history of hypertension.
Bold values indicate significant (P<0.05) findings.
*P values were calculated using log-transformed 2-hour glucose level as outcome; n=2760 for model 1, n=2565 for model 2, and n=2554 for model 3.
†n=2760 for model 1, n=2565 for model 2, and n=2554 for model 3.
‡P values were calculated using log-transformed insulin level as outcome; n=2667 for model 1, n=2480 for model 2, and n=2469 for model 3.
BMI, body mass index; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; IS, interdaily stability; IV, intradaily variability; L5, least active continuous 5-hour period; M10, most active continuous 10-hour period; RA, relative amplitude.