TABLE 3.

Reliability and validity analysis.

Leadership characteristics	Item	CITC	Dimensional Cronbach’s α	Conceptual Cronbach’s α	Loading	Explained variance
Psychological	The leader is virtuous	0.703	0.860	0.910	0.829	23.57%
	The leader is upright	0.697			0.807
	The leader is optimistic	0.605			0.700
	The leader is fair	0.745			0.638
Behavioral	The leader scolds a subordinate in public whenever the subordinate fails to meet their satisfaction	0.552	0.819		0.810	23.35%
	The leader is always very critical of certain subordinates	0.643			0.734
	The leader always takes advantage of his/her powers to bullies others	0.734			0.698
	The leader takes the lead to give certain subordinate the cold shoulder.	0.586			0.682
Ability	The leader can find and point out subordinates’ mistakes at work in time	0.503	0.800		0.797	20.32%
	The leader is strong in management	0.688			0.699
	The leader is able to help subordinates in terms of professional skills	0.577			0.651
	The leader is a team player	0.696			0.640

“psychological,” “behavioral,” and “ability” refer to leadership psychological characteristics, leadership behavioral characteristics, and leadership ability characteristics, respectively. CITC, corrected item–total correlation.