Table 1.
Association of Specialty Vape Shop Counts with Youth Race/Ethnicity and Socioenvironmental Attributes at the Census Tract Level Across the Conterminous United States, 2018
| Predictors | Incidence rate ratios (95% CI)a | Wald χ2/Z value | p b |
|---|---|---|---|
| Race/ethnicity of youth | |||
| Black or African American alone | 0.99 (0.99–0.99) | 154.950 | <2.2e-16 |
| Asian alone | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | 13.169 | 0.0003 |
| American Indian/Alaska Native alone | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 1.855 | 0.1735 |
| Hispanic or Latino | 0.99 (0.99–0.99) | 197.315 | <2.2e-16 |
| Socioeconomic status [control: Group 5 (highest socioeconomic status)] | 280.2698 | <2.2e-16 | |
| Socioeconomic status [Group 4] | 1.60 (1.47–1.74) | 11.11c | <2.2e-16 |
| Socioeconomic status [Group 3] | 1.78 (1.64–1.94) | 13.44c | <2.2e-16 |
| Socioeconomic status [Group 2] | 1.98 (1.82–2.16) | 15.66c | <2.2e-16 |
| Socioeconomic status [Group 1 (lowest socioeconomic status)] | 1.94 (1.77–2.13) | 13.86c | <2.2e-16 |
| Nitrogen dioxide concentration (median; ppm) | 1.07 (1.06–1.07) | 335.6670 | <2.2e-16 |
| Random effects | |||
| σ2 | 2.10 | ||
| τ00 spatial lag | 0.05 | ||
| ICC | 0.02 | ||
| Observations | 69577 | ||
a
Incidence rate ratios and intervals are back-transformed from the log scale.
b
Values in bold are statistically significant (α=0.05).
c
Z-value estimates for post hoc comparisons using Dunnett's test.
CI, confidence interval; ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient.