FIG. 1.

Conceptual framework for interviewee classification. The number of interviewees in each category exceeds the total number of interviews conducted as some individuals spanned multiple categories. For mainstream organizations, there was very little or no overlap between organizations that train doulas and organizations that employ doulas to work in hospital-based settings. For community-based organizations, we often found overlap between organizations that train doulas and those that employ doulas to work in community-based settings.