Table 1.

Summary of cancer types and their associations with disrupted rhythms

Cancer types	Disrupted rhythms	Promotion/inhibition	References
Breast cancer/prostate cancer	Shiftwork-induced disruption of sleep–wake cycles	Promotion	[49–52]
	Excessive calories-induced disruption of eating–fasting cycles	Promotion	[53, 54]
	Fasting-induced disruption of eating–fasting cycles	Inhibition	[140] [151]
	Exercise-induced disruption of activity–rest cycles	Inhibition	[183, 207–210]
Colorectal cancer	Short-term fasting-induced disruption of eating–fasting cycles	Inhibition	[149–151]
	Maintenance of activity–rest cycles	Inhibition	[55, 56]
	Per2 mutation-induced disruption of circadian clock	Promotion	[57]
Lung cancer	Per2 mutation-induced disruption of circadian clock	Promotion	[23]
	Fasting-induced disruption of eating–fasting cycles	Inhibition	[383]
	Exercise-induced disruption of activity–rest cycles	Inhibition	[412]
Liver cancer	Per1/2 mutation or Bmal1 deletion-induced disruption of circadian clock	Promotion	[60]
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia	Fasting-induced disruption of eating–fasting cycles	Inhibition	[167]
T cell lymphomas	Cry1/2 or Rorc deletion-induced disruption of circadian clock	Promotion	[60, 61]
Glioma	Fasting-induced disruption of eating–fasting cycles	Inhibition	[141]
Pancreatic cancer	Fasting-induced disruption of eating–fasting cycles	Inhibition	[166]
	Exercise-induced disruption of activity–rest cycles	Inhibition	[426]