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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Feb 3.
Published in final edited form as: Cell. 2022 Feb 3;185(3):513–529.e21. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.002

Figure 3. Butyrate induces sugar-dependent stress responses and membrane damage.

Figure 3.

(A) RNA-seq of Bt VPI (left) and Bv ATCC (right) after 1 h pulse with and without specific SCFAs in Glc. Heatmap illustrates expression of genes regulated by butyrate (∣log2(fold change)∣> 1, padj < 0.05) and the differential expression of these genes in acetate and/or succinate. See also Figure S2A and Table S2.

(B) RNA-seq of Bv ATCC after 1 h pulse −/+ butyrate in various sugars. Volcano plots showing the significance and fold change of genes in each sugar condition (right). Significantly differentially expressed genes are shown in red (∣log2(fold change)∣> 1, padj < 0.05). Heatmap illustrates gradient of differential expression of significant genes across sugars in response to butyrate (left). See also Table S2 and STAR Methods.

(C) Scatterplot of flow cytometry analysis of low and high propidium iodide (PI) staining of Bt VPI and Bv ATCC with and without specific SCFAs in Glc or Gal. See also Figure S2C and STAR Methods for gating strategy.

(D) Colony forming units of Bv ATCC after pulse −/+ butyrate in Glc or Gal.

In (A and B), fold change and padj were calculated for two biological replicates. In (C and D), error bars represent mean ± SEM of three biological replicates. Nonsignificant p > 0.05, *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; paired two-tailed t test.