Table 1.
Characteristics of BODYCON study participants
| All (n = 409) | Men (n = 190) | Women (n = 219) | p valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome measuresb | ||||
| Age, years | 42 ± 16 | 42 ± 15 | 42 ± 16 | 0.93 |
| Weight, kg | 70.4 ± 14.0 | 78.3 ± 12.2 | 63.5 ± 11.7 | < 0.01 |
| Height, m | 1.71 ± 0.01 | 1.78 ± 0.07 | 1.64 ± 0.07 | < 0.01 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.5 (21.5–23.9) | 24.2 (22.7–26.5) | 22.5 (20.8–25.4) | 0.01 |
| WC, cm | 83.8 ± 11.9 | 89.1 ± 10.3 | 79.2 ± 11.2 | < 0.01 |
| HC, cm | 101 ± 9 | 102 ± 9 | 100 ± 10 | 0.04 |
| WHR | 0.83 ± 0.08 | 0.88 ± 0.07 | 0.79 ± 0.08 | < 0.01 |
| WHtR | 0.49 ± 0.07 | 0.50 ± 0.06 | 0.48 ± 0.07 | < 0.01 |
| Blood pressure, mmHg | ||||
| Systolic | 120 ± 14 | 124 ± 11 | 117 ± 15 | < 0.01 |
| Diastolic | 72 ± 9 | 74 ± 9 | 70 ± 9 | < 0.01 |
| Pulse pressure | 48 ± 11 | 50 ± 10 | 47 ± 10 | < 0.01 |
| Body composition measures | ||||
| Body fat, % | 28.3 ± 8.4 | 23.7 ± 7.2 | 32.3 ± 7.4 | < 0.01 |
| Fat mass, kg | 19.0 (14.3–25.0) | 17.8 (12.9–24.9) | 19.3 (15.5–25.2) | 0.01 |
| Lean mass, kg | 48.4 ± 10.5 | 40.7 ± 5.7 | 57.2 ± 7.4 | < 0.01 |
| Trunk fat mass, kg | 10.4 ± 5.0 | 10.9 ± 5.2 | 10.0 ± 4.9 | 0.09 |
| Abdominal VAT, g | 393 (178–811) | 691 (367–1240) | 237 (99–440) | < 0.01 |
| Android fat, % | 30.5 ± 12.1 | 29.1 ± 12.1 | 31.8 ± 11.8 | 0.03 |
| Gynoid fat, % | 32.2 ± 9.9 | 24.9 ± 7.0 | 38.7 ± 7.2 | 0.01 |
| A/G fat ratio | 0.96 ± 0.29 | 1.13 ± 0.28 | 0.80 ± 0.21 | 0.01 |
| Body Composition Indexes | ||||
| FMI, kg/m2 | 7.05 ± 2.93 | 6.10 ± 2.43 | 7.88 ± 3.09 | 0.01 |
| LMI, kg/m2 | 16.4 ± 2.2 | 18.0 ± 1.7 | 15.0 ± 1.5 | 0.01 |
| VAI | 1.01 ± 0.68 | 1.03 ± 0.71 | 1.00 ± 0.65 | 0.66 |
| Biochemistry | ||||
| TC, mmol/L | 5.13 ± 1.10 | 5.05 ± 1.18 | 5.20 ± 1.02 | 0.10 |
| TAG, mmol/L | 0.83 (0.66–1.16) | 0.93 (0.69–1.39) | 0.79 (0.64–1.02) | 0.01 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.65 ± 0.40 | 1.51 ± 0.40 | 1.78 ± 0.36 | 0.01 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 3.03 ± 0.93 | 3.07 ± 1.00 | 2.99 ± 0.86 | 0.66 |
| Non-HDL-C, mmol/L | 3.48 ± 1.00 | 3.55 ± 1.07 | 3.43 ± 0.94 | 0.34 |
| TC:HDL ratio | 3.00 (2.63–3.76) | 3.44 (2.78–4.03) | 2.81 (2.56–3.29) | 0.01 |
| LDL-C:HDL-C ratio | 1.76 (1.42–2.30) | 2.08 (1.58–2.56) | 1.60 (1.35–2.04) | 0.01 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 5.03 ± 0.48 | 5.13 ± 0.51 | 4.94 ± 0.44 | 0.01 |
| Insulin, pmol/L | 26.4 (17.3–39.9) | 27.1 (16.9–42.5) | 26.3 (18.2–37.7) | 0.69 |
| HOMA-IR | 0.98 (0.07–5.30) | 1.04 (0.63–1.63) | 0.97 (0.62–1.41) | 0.41 |
| NEFA, μmol/L | 416 (318–546) | 388 (310–518) | 427 (327–567) | 0.01 |
| CRP, mg/L | 0.62 (0.29–1.46) | 0.63 (0.31–1.43) | 0.62 (0.28–1.52) | 0.91 |
| GGT, U/L | 16.9 (14.0–22.7) | 20.5 (16.2–27.5) | 15.3 (13.2–19.0) | 0.01 |
| Uric acid, µmol/L | 280 ± 68 | 323 ± 59 | 242 ± 51 | 0.01 |
| Adiponectin, µg/mL | 5.11 (2.48–9.07) | 4.19 (2.22–6.02) | 6.70 (2.93–11.38) | 0.01 |
| 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, ng/mL | 23.9 ± 11.3 | 23.4 ± 10.8 | 24.3 ± 11.7 | 0.50 |
A/G fat ratio android to gynoid fat ratio, BMI body mass index, CRP C-reactive protein, F female, FFM fat free mass, FMI fat mass index, GGT gamma-glutamyl transferase, HC hip circumference, HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low density lipoprotein cholesterol, LMI lean mass index, M male, NEFA non-esterified fatty acids, TAG triacylglycerol, TC total cholesterol, VAT visceral adipose tissue, VAI visceral adiposity index, WC waist circumference, WHR waist to hip ratio, WHtR waist to height ratio
aData were analyzed by independent t tests and presented as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range); p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant
bSample sizes differ as follows: Blood pressure n = 406 (M:187/F:219); body composition measures n = 370 (M:174/F:196); biochemistry n = 405 (M:188/F:217); insulin and HOMA-IR n = 272 (M:109/F:163); NEFA n = 362 (M:168/F:194); CRP n = 403 (M:188/F:215), GGT n = 330 (M:135/F:195); UA, adiponectin and 25-hydroxyvitamin D, n = 366 (M:172/F:194)