TABLE 3.
Natural decellularized matrices for wound healing applications.
| Decellularized source | Added molecules | Type of scaffold | In vitro studies | In vivo model | Time of in vivo studies | In vivo outcomes | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Porcine dermis | HA | Dermal matrix | Not conducted | Rabbit full-thickness wounds | 58 days | Contraction rate ↓ Collagen type I and III expression ↑ | Zhao et al. (2013) |
| Vascularization ↑ | |||||||
| Sheep dermis | HA and ADSCs | Dermal matrix used as covering dressing | Cell viability | Rat burns | 4 weeks | Inflammation ↓ | Alemzadeh et al. (2020) |
| Angiogenesis ↑ | |||||||
| Granulation tissue formation ↑ | |||||||
| Wound closure ↑ | |||||||
| Mouse dermis | Chitosan | Membrane | Biostability Proliferation | Murine full-thickness wounds | 28 days | Angiogenesis ↑ | Lin et al. (2020) |
| MSCs | Cell viability | Wound closure ↑ | |||||
| Cell adhesion | MSC retention ↑ | ||||||
| Rat dermis | Hydrogel | Rat full-thickness wounds | 21 days | Angiogenesis ↑ | Bankoti et al. (2020) | ||
| Chitosan | Cell migration | Collagen deposition ↓ | |||||
| Carbon nanodots | Antibacterial properties | Wound closure ↑ | |||||
| MSCs | Cell viability | Re-epithelialization ↑ | |||||
| Epidermal junction formation ↑ | |||||||
| Porcine skin | Saccha-chitin | Hydrogel | Cell viability | Rat full-thickness wounds | 14 days | Hair follicle growth ↑ | Hsieh et al. (2020) |
| Sweat gland formation ↑ | |||||||
| Wound closure ↑ | |||||||
| Collagen deposition ↑ | |||||||
| Neovascularization ↑ | |||||||
| Porcine skin | None | Porous crosslinked membrane | Cell viability Cell adhesion | Rabbit full-thickness wounds | 15 days | Wound closure ↑ | Wang et al. (2021b) |
| Inflammation ↓ | |||||||
| Fibroblast migration ↑ | |||||||
| Epidermal layer thickness ↓ | |||||||
| Collagen organization ↑ | |||||||
| Porcine dermis | None | Crosslinked dermal matrix | Not conducted | Rat full-thickness wounds | 90 days | Protease expression ↑ | Carlson et al. (2013) |
| Cellular and vascular infiltration ↓ | |||||||
| Time of regeneration ↑ | |||||||
| Porcine dermis | Crosslinked dermal matrix | Cell viability | Rat full-thickness wounds | 3 weeks | Degradation rate ↓ | Chen et al. (2019) | |
| Chitosan | Enzymatic degradation | Antibacterial effect ↑ | |||||
| Silver nano-particles | Silver degradation | Wound closure ↑ | |||||
| Antibacterial properties | |||||||
| Porcine dermis | Quercetin | Crosslinked Membrane | Biostability Antibacterial properties | Rat full-thickness wounds | 3 weeks | Wound closure ↑ | Wang et al. (2020a) |
| Tea tree oil | Cell viability | Re-epithelialization ↑ | |||||
| Porcine tissue | Porous crosslinked membrane | Cell viability | Not conducted | - | - | 34,339,783 | |
| Gelatin | Degradation | ||||||
| Chitosan | Antibacterial properties | ||||||
| Goat small intestine submucosa | Curcumin | Crosslinked membrane | Degradation | Not conducted | - | - | Singh et al. (2022) |
| Free radical scavenging tests | |||||||
| Cell viability | |||||||
| Hemo-compatibility assays | |||||||
| Porcine urinary bladder | Membrane | Not conducted | Rat burns | 28 days | ECM deposition ↑ | Paramasivam et al. (2021) | |
| Granulation tissue formation ↑ | |||||||
| pDNA-PDGF | Inflammation ↓ | ||||||
| rBMSCs | Angiogenesis ↑ | ||||||
| Wound closure ↑ | |||||||
| Porcine lung | None | Membrane | Not conducted | Rat-sub-cutaneous implantation | 6 weeks | Cell infiltration ↑ | Fernandez-Moure et al. (2016) |
| Vascularization ↑ | |||||||
| Porcine adipose tissue | None | Hydrogel | Murine full-thickness wounds | 14 days | Fibroblast migration ↑ | Tan et al. (2019) | |
| Adipo-genesis | Wound closing ↑ | ||||||
| Fibroblast migration | Epithelialization ↑ | ||||||
| Angiogenesis ↑ | |||||||
| Human Adipose tissue | ADSCs | Hydrogel | Murine full-thickness wounds | 14 days | Wound closure ↑ | Chen et al. (2021) | |
| Cell Viability | Angiogenesis ↑ | ||||||
| Cell proliferation | Skin appendages ↑ | ||||||
| Angiogenic cytokines assay | Dermis thickness ↑ | ||||||
| Rat heart tissue | PLCL | Nano-fibrous membrane | Rat full-thickness wounds | 3 weeks | Angiogenesis ↑ | Kim et al. (2018) | |
| Cell proliferation | Scarring ↓ | ||||||
| Cell adhesion | Granulation tissue ↑ | ||||||
| Macrophage action ↑ | |||||||
| Equine pericardium | None | Crosslinked matrix | Not conducted | Murine full-thickness wounds | 2 weeks | Re-epithelialization ↑ | El Masry et al. (2019) |
| Wound closure ↑ | |||||||
| Collagen deposition ↑ | |||||||
| Biofilm formation ↓ | |||||||
| Human placenta | None | Membrane | Not conducted | Rat Full-thickness wounds | 4 weeks | Restoration of epidermis and dermis ↑ | Choi et al. (2013) |
| Wound closure ↑ | |||||||
| Contraction rate ↓ | |||||||
| Vascularization ↑ | |||||||
| Human umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly | None | Gelatinous material | Murine full-thickness wounds | 7 days | Wound length ↓ | Bakhtyar et al. (2017) | |
| Cell migration | Cell migration ↑ | ||||||
| Cell viability | Cell differentiation ↑ | ||||||
| Human placenta, umbilical cord and amniotic membrane | None | Hydrogel | Murine full-thickness wounds | 14 days | Wound closure ↑ | Wang et al. (2021a) | |
| Cell migration | Skin appendage formation ↑ | ||||||
| Cell proliferation | Pro-inflammatory gene expression ↓ | ||||||
| Tube formation assay | Pro-angiogenic gene expression ↑ | ||||||
| Human Amnion | PRP | Membrane | Not conducted | Mouse burns | 7 days | Epidermis differentiation ↑ | Kshersagar et al. (2018) |
| Keratinocyte proliferation ↑ | |||||||
| Wound contraction ↓ | |||||||
| Vascularization ↑ | |||||||
| Human amniotic membrane | None | Membrane | Not conducted | Rat full-thickness wound | 8 months | Wound inflammation ↓ | Song et al. (2017) |
| Skin regeneration ↑ | |||||||
| Scar formation ↓ | |||||||
| Human amniotic membrane | Silk fibroin | Electro-spun Membrane | Rabbit full-thickness ear wounds | 50 days | Collagen deposition ↑ | Gholipourmalekabadi et al. (2019) | |
| Cell viability | MMP1 deposition ↓ | ||||||
| Cell adhesion | Scarring ↓ | ||||||
| Human amniotic membrane | None | Membrane | Cell viability | Mouse burns | 15 days | Granulation tissue formation ↑ | Milan et al. (2020) |
| Angiogenesis ↑ | |||||||
| Collagen maturation ↑ | |||||||
| Amniotic membrane | Membrane | Rabbit full-thickness burns | 28 days | Epithelialization ↑ | Ramakrishnan et al. (2020) | ||
| Fibrin | Cell Adhesion | Angiogenesis ↑ | |||||
| HA | Cell proliferation | Skin appendage formation ↑ | |||||
| Human Amniotic membrane | HWJMSCs | Membrane | Cell Viability | Rat burns | 14 days | Re-epithelialization ↑ | Hashemi et al. (2020) |
| Granulation tissue formation ↑ | |||||||
| Inflammation ↓ | |||||||
| Human amniotic membrane | None | Porous crosslinked membrane | Not conducted | Rat full-thickness wounds | 21 days | Density of epidermal basal cells ↑ | Nasiry et al. (2021) |
| Length density of blood vessels ↑ | |||||||
| Collagen deposition ↑ | |||||||
| Gene expression related to regeneration ↑ | |||||||
| Wound closure ↑ | |||||||
| Human amniotic membrane | Poly (1,8-octanediolco-citrate) | Membrane | Not conducted | Rat full-thickness muscle and back defects | 2 weeks | Foreign body reaction ↓ | Wang et al. (2020b) |
| Rat liver injury | Inflammation ↓ | ||||||
| Rat tibia defect | Fibrosis ↓ | ||||||
| Human amniotic membrane | Zinc oxide nano-particles derived from HAM proteins | Crosslinked Membrane | Antibacterial Assays | Not conducted | - | - | Ramasamy et al. (2021) |
| Bovine amniotic membrane | Chitosan | Sponge-like crosslinked membrane | Murine full-thickness wounds | 14 days | Wound closure ↑ | Yang et al. (2020) | |
| Cell Adhesion | Granulation tissue formation ↑ | ||||||
| Cell proliferation | Angiogenesis ↑ | ||||||
| Blood coagulation test | Fibroblast infiltration ↑ | ||||||
| Cell viability | Sebaceous gland and hair follicle formation ↑ |
AbbreviationsHA: hyaluronic acid; PRP: platelet rich plasma; PLCL: poly (l-lactide-co-caprolactone); ADSC: adipose derived stem cells; HWJMSCs: Human Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells; hSFs: Human Skin Fibroblasts; HAM: human amniotic membrane; PDGF: Platelet-derived Growth Factor; rBMSCs: Transfected Mesenchymal Stem Cells; ECM: extracellular matrix.