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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Mar 4.
Published in final edited form as: J Cell Signal. 2022;3(1):62–78. doi: 10.33696/Signaling.3.068

Figure 4: JNK is a stress-activated MAP kinase phosphorylation cascade.

Figure 4:

A variety of upstream stressors activate JNK through a phosphorylation cascade including MAP3Ks, MAP2Ks and JNKs. JNK1 and JNK2 are expressed ubiquitously including in the kidney and liver epithelium. Phosphorylated JNKs activate downstream targets such as AP-1 transcription factor subunits to control diverse cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation and cell survival. Created with BioRender.com