Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics of Study Variables for the Overall Sample and for Each Diagnostic Group
| Overall, N = 265 | HC, n = 125 | ADHD, n = 41 | BD, n = 49 | SZ, n = 50 | F/χ2 (df) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covariates | |||||||
| Age, Mean (SD) | 33.23 (9.30) | 31.53 (8.80) | 32.34 (10.45) | 35.29 (9.03) | 36.46 (8.88) | 4.49 (3) | .004a |
| Gender, Women, n (%) | 112 (42.3%) | 59 (47.2%) | 20 (48.8%) | 21 (42.9%) | 12 (24.0%) | 8.80 (3) | .032 |
| Race, n (%) | 41.25 (15) | <.001a | |||||
| AA | 6 (2.3%) | 1 (0.8%) | 1 (2.4%) | 1 (2.0%) | 3 (6.0%) | ||
| AI/AN | 40 (15.1%) | 25 (20.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (8.2%) | 11 (22.0%) | ||
| Asian | 4 (1.5%) | 2 (1.6%) | 1 (2.4%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.0%) | ||
| Multiracial | 11 (4.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (7.3%) | 7 (14.3%) | 1 (2.0%) | ||
| White | 203 (76.6%) | 97 (77.6%) | 36 (87.8%) | 37 (75.5%) | 33 (66.0%) | ||
| Ethnicity, Hispanic, n (%) | 93 (35.1%) | 45 (36.0%) | 6 (14.6%) | 13 (26.5%) | 29 (58.0%) | 20.68 (3) | <.001a |
| Site 1, n (%) | 174 (65.7%) | 102 (81.6%) | 21 (51.2%) | 26 (53.1%) | 25 (50.0%) | 26.77 (3) | <.001a |
| ICV, Mean (SD) | 1,530,915.73 (179,937.71) | 1,521,587.27 (194,121.31) | 1,566,172.94 (166,384.20) | 1,526,135.87 (180,243.54) | 1,529,991.77 (152,263.31) | 0.646 (3) | .586 |
| Average FA, Mean (SD) | 0.40 (0.02) | 0.40 (0.01) | 0.40 (0.01) | 0.40 (0.03) | 0.40 (0.01) | 3.48 (3) | .017a |
| Factor Scores | |||||||
| p Factor, Mean (SD) | 100.00 (15.00) | 90.35 (6.30) | 101.07 (9.68) | 112.54 (15.78) | 110.97 (16.51) | 65.09 (3) | <.001a |
| EF Factor, Mean (SD) | 100.00 (15.00) | 106.27 (12.34) | 100.86 (12.33) | 98.69 (13.50) | 84.89 (13.72) | 33.32 (3) | <.001a |
| ROIs | |||||||
| VAC GMV, Mean (SD) | 0.53 (0.06) | 0.54 (0.06) | 0.53 (0.07) | 0.53 (0.06) | 0.50 (0.05) | 6.26 (3) | <.001a |
| Posterior Cerebellar GMV, Mean (SD) | 0.65 (0.08) | 0.66 (0.08) | 0.66 (0.08) | 0.67 (0.07) | 0.63 (0.06) | 2.65 (3) | .049 |
| Lobule VIIB GMV, Mean (SD) | 0.81 (0.09) | 0.81 (0.08) | 0.85 (0.09) | 0.81 (0.09) | 0.77 (0.09) | 5.66 (3) | .001a |
| Pons FA, Mean (SD)b | 0.48 (0.03) | 0.48 (0.04) | 0.47 (0.03) | 0.48 (0.03) | 0.47 (0.03) | 2.32 (3) | .076 |
| Global Structure | |||||||
| Total GMV, Mean (SD) | 648,309.67 (63,692.26) | 654,306.37 (64,235.81) | 654,661.14 (60,458.63) | 646,703.55 (66,810.76) | 629,303.57 (59,654.81) | 1.99 (3) | .116 |
| Average CT, Mean (SD) | 2.47 (0.08) | 2.48 (0.08) | 2.50 (0.08) | 2.45 (0.08) | 2.44 (0.09) | 5.82 (3) | .001a |
| Total SA, Mean (SD) | 175,555.90 (17,473.48) | 177,213.34 (17,749.01) | 173,491.19 (18,642.58) | 176,102.50 (17,642.31) | 172,508.73 (15,415.62) | 1.08 (3) | .358 |
Groups were compared with either analyses of variance (for continuous measures) or χ2 tests (for categorical measures). One participant did not report their race. p Values are unadjusted.
AA, African American; ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; AI/AN, American Indian/Alaskan Native; BD, bipolar disorder; CT, cortical thickness; EF, executive function; FA, fractional anisotropy; GMV, gray matter volume; HC, healthy control; ICV, intracranial volume; ROIs, regions of interest; SA, surface area; SZ, schizophrenia; VAC, visual association cortex.
p values that survived false discovery rate correction for the 16 tests (q < .05).
Descriptive statistics are reported for the 223 participants with adequate pons coverage (HC: n = 96; SZ: n = 46; BD: n = 44; ADHD: n = 37).