Table 1.
Patients Baseline Characteristics
| Item | MIS | Open | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 12,721) | (n = 16,624) | ||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 60.6 (0.2) | 63.8 (0.1) | < 0.0001 |
| Gender, % (n) | 0.005 | ||
| Female | 51.9 (6597) | 53.5 (8894) | |
| Male | 48.1 (6124) | 46.5 (7730) | |
| Race, % (n) | < 0.0001 | ||
| Black | 12 (1532) | 12.8 (2121) | |
| White | 73.2 (9310) | 75.4 (12536) | |
| Other | 3.4 (431) | 2.8 (465) | |
| Unknown | 11.4 (1448) | 9 (1502) | |
| Hispanic, % (n) | 6.2 (789) | 5.6 (931) | 0.024 |
| BMI (kg/m2), % (n) | 0.0001 | ||
| < 18.5 | 4.8 (601) | 5.7 (912) | |
| 18.5 – 24.9 | 33.6 (4175) | 35.4 (5704) | |
| 25 – 29.9 | 30.3 (3766) | 29.3 (4713) | |
| 30 – 34.9 | 17.5 (2177) | 16.4 (2639) | |
| 35 – 39.9 | 7.8 (973) | 7.7 (1239) | |
| ≥ 40 | 5.9 (730) | 5.6 (897) | |
| ASA Score, % (n) | < 0.0001 | ||
| I | 1.8 (225) | 0.9 (142) | |
| II | 32.4 (4121) | 22 (3662) | |
| III | 55.8 (7100) | 61.1 (10161) | |
| IV | 9.9 (1255) | 15.5 (2577) | |
| V | 0.1 (10) | 0.3 (57) | |
| Hypertension, % (n) | 47.4 (6687) | 50.4 (8253) | < 0.0001 |
| Diabetes Mellitus, % (n) | 0.0527 | ||
| Insulin Dependent | 6.6 (840) | 7.3 (1213) | |
| Non-Insulin Dependent | 9.5 (1202) | 9.1 (1517) | |
| Congestive Heart Failure, % (n) | 2.7 (349) | 2.8 (467) | 0.735 |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, % (n) | 5.8 (738) | 7.9 (1315) | < 0.0001 |
| Renal Failure, % (n) | 0.4 (48) | 1 (171) | < 0.0001 |
| Dialysis Dependent, % (n) | 1.5 (193) | 2.3 (378) | < 0.0001 |
| Recent Weight Loss, % (n) | 10.6 (1349) | 11.2 (1867) | 0.089 |
| Chronic Steroid Use, % (n) | 17.6 (2238) | 12.2 (2034) | < 0.0001 |
| Steroid Use for IBD, % (n) | 15.2 (1922) | 7.9 (1309) | < 0.0001 |
| Smoker, % (n) | 16.9 (2152) | 20.3 (3373) | < 0.0001 |
| Ascites, % (n) | 0.8 (95) | 2.3 (378) | < 0.0001 |
| Disseminated Cancer, % (n) | 7.0 (896) | 11.9 (1991) | < 0.0001 |
| Dyspnea, % (n) | < 0.0001 | ||
| At Rest | 0.7 (85) | 1.1 (189) | |
| Moderate Exertion | 7.8 (986) | 7.2 (1201) | |
| Ventilator Dependent, % (n) | 0.3 (22) | 1.5 (255) | < 0.0001 |
| Sepsis Present at the Time of Surgery, % (n) | 3.5 (446) | 6.6 (1094) | < 0.0001 |
| Wound Infection Present, % (n) | 2.9 (377) | 5.7 (946) | < 0.0001 |
| Recent Transfusion, % (n) | 9.7 (1229) | 9.11 (1514) | 0.106 |
| Functional Status, % (n) | < 0.0001 | ||
| Independent | 93.8 (11935) | 91.4 (15191) | |
| Partially dependent | 4.9 (617) | 6.4 (1064) | |
| Totally Dependent | 1.1 (135) | 1.7 (285) | |
| Recent Chemotherapy Within 30 Days, % (n) | 2.3 (295) | 4.8 (793) | < 0.0001 |
| Wound Classification, % (n) | < 0.0001 | ||
| Clean | 0.8 (96) | 0.6 (105) | |
| Clean/Contaminated | 64.5 (8205) | 52.3 (8686) | |
| Contaminated | 17.1 (2176) | 18.4 (3059) | |
| Dirty/Infected | 17.6 (2244) | 28.7 (4774) | |
| Wound Closure, % (n) | < 0.0001 | ||
| All Layers of Incision | 97.6 (11217) | 90.12 (13220) | |
| Only Deep Layers Closed | 2.1 (240) | 7.9 (1154) | |
| No layers Closed | 0.3 (31) | 2 (296) | |
| Mechanical Bowel Prep, % (n) | 50.7 (5938) | 34.9 (5368) | < 0.0001 |
| Antibiotic Bowel Prep, % (n) | 32.9 (3888) | 21.2 (3305) | < 0.0001 |
| Indication for Surgery, % (n) | < 0.0001 | ||
| Acute Diverticulitis | 10 (1272) | 13.3 (2215) | |
| Chronic Diverticular Stricture | 7.6 (965) | 6.4 (1059) | |
| Bleeding | 1.8 (228) | 1.5 (252) | |
| Colon Cancer | 31.2 (3971) | 21.5 (3581) | |
| Colon Cancer with Obstruction | 10.2 (1296) | 13.1 (2178) | |
| Ulcerative Colitis | 7.4 (946) | 2 (327) | |
| Crohn’s Disease | 9.4 (1193) | 6.8 (1125) | |
| Enterocolitis | 0.4 (47) | 0.8 (129) | |
| Volvulus | 3.1 (400) | 7.2 (1203) | |
| Non-Malignant Polyp | 2.8 (354) | 0.9 (151) | |
| Other ICD Code | 16.1 (2042) | 26.3 (4378) | |
| Unknown | 0.1 (7) | 0.2 (26) |
ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists Score; BMI, body mass index; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; ICD, International Classification of Diseases; MIS, minimally invasive surgery.