Table 2.
Objective and subjective sleep indicators predicting academic outcomes in middle childhood moderated by early SES.
| Model Predictors | Picture Vocabulary | Applied Problems | Passage Comprehension | Academic Achievement |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Est(SE) | Est(SE) | Est(SE) | Est(SE) | |
| Intercept | 48.41(.09)*** | 48.46(.11)*** | 47.72(.08)*** | 3.82(.04)*** |
| Sex | −0.05(.08) | −0.78(.14)*** | −0.10(.11) | −0.08(.06) |
| Ethnicity | 1.06(.54) | 0.82(.47) | 0.88(.35) * | 0.06(.11) |
| Age | 0.95(.39) * | 1.67(.35) *** | 1.13(.26) *** | 0.09(.09) |
| Vacation | −1.02(.73) | −0.93(.61) | −0.82(.46) | −0.22(.13) |
| BMI | 0.03(.02) | 0.02(.03) | −0.01(.02) | −0.04(.02)* |
| Early SES | −0.52(1.06) | −0.51(.95) | −0.41(.70) | 0.02(.19) |
| Concurrent SES | 2.02(1.25) | 2.20(1.08) * | 1.54(.79) | 0.49(.18) ** |
| Sleep Duration (hrs) | −0.03(.06) | 0.01(.10) | 0.10(.08) | −0.02(.04) |
| Sleep Duration x Early SES | −0.01(.04) | −0.17(.12) | −0.02(.07) | −0.11(.03)** |
|
| ||||
| Intercept | 48.41(.09)*** | 48.46(.11)*** | 47.72(.08)*** | 3.82(.04)*** |
| Sex | −0.04(.08) | −0.79(.14)*** | −0.10(.11)*** | −0.10(.06) |
| Ethnicity | 1.05(.54) | 0.83(.47) | 0.89(.35)* | 0.06(.11) |
| Age | 0.95(.39) * | 1.67(.35) *** | 1.13(.26) *** | 0.09(.09) |
| Vacation | −1.04(.73) | −0.94(.62) | −0.84(.46) | −0.22(.13) |
| BMI | 0.03(.01) | 0.02(.03) | 0.01(.02) | −0.04(.02)* |
| Early SES | −0.51(1.06) | −0.51(.95) | −0.39(.70) | 0.02(.19) |
| Concurrent SES | 2.01(1.24) | 2.20(1.08) * | 1.54(.79) | 0.49(.18) ** |
| Sleep Midpoint Time | 0.19(.15) | 0.17(.15) | 0.17(.11) | 0.01(.05) |
| Sleep Midpoint Time x Early SES | 0.04(.07) | −0.02(.29) | −0.10(.08) | 0.05(.06) |
|
| ||||
| Intercept | 48.41(.09)*** | 48.46(.11)*** | 47.72(.08)*** | 3.82(.04)*** |
| Sex | −0.04(.08) | −0.76(.14)*** | −0.09(.11) | −0.10(.06) |
| Ethnicity | 1.05(.54) | 0.82(.47) | 0.88(.35) * | 0.06(.11) |
| Age | 0.95(.39) * | 1.67(.35) *** | 1.30(.26) *** | 0.09(.09) |
| Vacation | −1.03(.73) | −0.95(.62) | −0.83(.46) | −0.21(.13) |
| BMI | 0.03(.02) | 0.03(.03) | 0.01(.02) | −0.04(.02)** |
| Early SES | −0.50(1.05) | −0.53(.96) | −0.41(.70) | 0.01(.20) |
| Concurrent SES | 2.01(1.24) | 2.24(1.08) * | 1.55(.79) * | 0.48(.19) ** |
| Sleep Problems | −0.06(.20) | −0.02(.27) | −0.01(.19) | −0.11(.12) |
| Sleep Problems x Early SES | −0.01(.12) | 0.88(.24) *** | 0.33(.16) * | −0.43(.11)*** |
Note. All models were conducted independently. Covariates, predictors, and moderator were grand mean centered. Sex (1 = female), ethnicity (1 = non-Hispanic White), Vacation (1 = study completed during summer or school vacation). BMI = body mass index, SES = socioeconomic status. Early SES was assessed at 12 months of age and concurrent SES was assessed at 8 years of age. Est. = unstandardized partial regression coefficient estimate. SE = robust standard error.
*
p < .05
**
p < .01
***
p < .001.