Table 2.
Degree of impairment on standard auditory tasks following AC inactivation
| AC region | Primates | Carnivores | Rodents | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sound detection | |||||
| Permanent | Permanent | Temporary | Permanent | Temporary | |
| A1 | – | Mild [94] | – | No impairment [89] |
Mild (optogenetic upregulation of interneurons, several injections of 20 nl, 1 mm optic fibre [43]) to severe (optogenetic inactivation, volume of injection: 120 nl, size of fibre: 400 μm [58]; topical application of 20 μg of muscimol [24]) |
| A1+ | Moderate (partial recovery) [14,95] | Mild [96] | – | – | – |
| Non-primary areas | – | – | – | – | – |
| Frequency discrimination | |||||
| Permanent | Permanent | Temporary | Permanent | Temporary | |
| A1 | – | – | – | – | Severe (chemogenetics, 60 nl virus injection) |
| A1+ | Moderate (partial recovery) [40] | Moderate (partial recovery) [96] | – | No impairment [4] to mild impairment [20] | Mild (muscimol: 400 nl at four sites [25]) to severe (topical application of 20 μg of muscimol [24]) |
| Non-primary areas | – | – | – | – | – |
| Gap detection | |||||
| Permanent | Permanent | Temporary | Permanent | Temporary | |
| A1 | No available studies* | Moderate (partial recovery) [97] | – | Moderate [98] | Moderate (muscimol, 30 μg [99]; optogenetics, 200 μm fibre diameter [100]) |
| A1+ | Moderate (partial recovery) [97] | – | Moderate [6,98] | – | |
| Non-primary areas | – | – | – | – | |
| Lateralisation | |||||
| Permanent | Permanent | Temporary | Permanent | Temporary | |
| A1 | – | Mild [41,67] to moderate [3] | Mild (cooling, [35,81]) | – | – |
| A1+ | Moderate [12] | Moderate [41] | Moderate [35,81] | No impairment [15,101] | – |
| Non-primary areas | – | – | No impairment (cooling of AAF, ventral PAF, A2a, insular region, temporal region, dorsal posterior ectosylvian gyrus, ventral posterior ectosylvian gyrus [36]) Mild (cooling of anterior ectosylvian sulcus [36]) Moderate (dorsal zone cooling [35]) |
– | – |
| Modulated sound discrimination | |||||
| Permanent | Permanent | Temporary | Permanent | Temporary | |
| A1 | – | – | – | – | – |
| A1+ | Severe [40] | No impairment [31] |
– | Moderate [4,46] to severe [39] | Severe (optogenetics, 3–5 injections of 200 nl of virus, 400 μm fibre diameter [44]) |
| Non-primary areas | – | – | Severe (cooling of AAF [37]) No impairment (cooling of PAF [37]) |
– | – |
| Natural sound discrimination | |||||
| Permanent | Permanent | Temporary | Permanent | Temporary | |
| A1 | – | – | – | – | – |
| A1+ | Severe [14,40] | Severe [102] | Moderate (cooling [47]) | Moderate [13,103] | Mild to moderate (optogenetics, upregulation of PV+ interneurons, 200 μm fibre diameter [42]) |
| Non-primary areas | – | Severe (ventral insulo-temporal cortex [102]) | – | – | – |
| Sound localisation | |||||
| Permanent | Permanent | Temporary | Permanent | Temporary | |
| A1 | – | Severe [41,67] | Severe (cooling [35,81]) | – | – |
| A1+ | Severe [12,30] | Severe [41,67,94] | Severe (cooling [35,81]) | – | – |
| Non-primary areas | – | – | No impairment (cooling of AAF [37], cooling of AAF, ventral PAF, A2, insular region, temporal region, dorsal posterior ectosylvian gyrus, ventral posterior ectosylvian gyrus [36]) Severe (cooling of PAF or dorsal zone [37]; cooling of anterior ectosylvian sulcus [36]) |
– | – |
a Abbreviation: A2, secondary auditory cortex.