TABLE 2.
Summary of vaccination studies in humans and experimental models
| Antigen | Mode of immunization (country) | Protection | Host | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Live promastigotes | Prophylactic (Russia, Israel) | Dependent on virulence | Humans | 43, 65, 66 |
| Killed promastigotes | Prophylactic (Middle East, Brazil) | Variable | Humans | 7, 11, 14, 37, 55, 56, 77, 80, 81, 90, 94, 108, 109 |
| Killed promastigotes with BCG | Therapeutic (Brazil) | High cure rate | Humans | 23, 25 |
| Killed promastigotes with BCG | Prophylactic (Iran) | No protection, transient stimulation | Humans | 95, 124 |
| Killed promastigotes with IL-12 | Prophylactic | Good | Primates, mice, dogs | 2, 69, 72, 114 |
| Irradiated promastigotes | Prophylactic | Good | Mice | 113 |
| Live attenuated promastigotes | Prophylactic | Good | Mice | 8, 116, 141, 144 |
| Recombinant or native gp63 and synthetic peptides | Prophylactic | Good | Mice, primates | 61, 103, 114, 116, 131 |
| Recombinant or native gp46/M2/PSA-2 | Prophylactic | Excellent but dependent on conformation and adjuvant | Mice | 27, 49, 87 |
| Recombinant LACK | Prophylactic | Good, enhanced by IL-12 | Mice | 45, 100 |
| A2, P4, and P8 | Prophylactic | Good | Mice | 130 |
| Flagellar antigen LCR1 | Prophylactic | Good | Mice | 134 |
| Naked DNA gp63, PSA-2, and LACK | Prophylactic or therapeutic | Good | Mice | 45, 127, 147 |