Table 2.

Examples of ongoing clinical trials of RNA-based NP vaccines [19,36,49,51,52].

Company/Investigator	Disease Target	RNA	NP carrier	Method of administration	Phase	NCT number
CureVac AG	Rabies	mRNA CV7202 encoding the rabies virus glycoprotein	Liposomes (cholesterol, PEG2000, Acuitas proprietary ionizable lipid, DSPC)	IM, 1–2 doses administered at days 1, 29 in the deltoid	I	NCT03713086
Moderna Therapeutics Inc.	Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection	mRNA-1647 encoding the pentamer complex and the full-length membrane-bound glycoprotein B and mRNA-1443 encoding the pp65 T cell antigen of CMV	Liposomes (DLin-MC3-DMA, DSPC, cholesterol, PEG2000-C-DMG)	IM, on days 1, 56, 168	II	NCT04232280
Moderna Therapeutics Inc.	Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) infection	mRNA-1653 encoding the fusion proteins of hMPV and PIV3	Liposomes (DLin-MC3-DMA, DSPC, cholesterol, PEG2000-C-DMG)	IM, on day 1 and 57	I	NCT04144348
Senai Cimatec	COVID-19	mRNA encoding for the full-length spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus (HD-301)	Lipid-inorganic NP (LION™)	IM, on day 1 and 29 or day 1 and 57	I	NCT04844268
Walvax Biotechnology Co., Ltd.		mRNA encoding for the receptor binding domain of the spike glycoprotein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus	Liposomes (Lipid 9001, cholesterol, DSPC, DMG-PEG2000)	IM, on day 1 and day 29	III	NCT04847102
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)		mRNA-1273.351 encoding for full-length spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 variant	Proprietary lipid NP	IM, single dose	I	NCT04785144
Chulalongkorn University		mRNA encoding SARS-Cov2 wild-type spike protein mRNA	Proprietary Lipid NP	IM, escalating dose regimen 21 days apart	I	NCT04566276

Legend: NP- nanoparticle, NCT- national clinical trials, PEG- polyethylene glycol, DSPC- 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, IM- intramuscular, ID- intradermal, IV- intravenous, COVID-19- coronavirus disease 2019, SARS-CoV-2- severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.