Table 3.

Recent advancements in nanosponges

Name of researcher	Year of research	Title of project	Major finding	Conclusions
Monica R.P Rao, Rohini C. Bhingole	2015	Nanosponge-based pediatric-controlled release dry suspension of gabapentin for reconstitution	Important decrease in solubility; displayed the desired regulated profile at 12h; improved taste masking	Invivo tests show an improvement in bioavailability by 24.09% relative to pure drugs.
Trotta F, et al.	2016	Molecularly imprinted cyclodextrin nanosponges for the controlled delivery of L-DOPA: perspectives for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease	MIP-NSs show a slower, longer release profile; no degradation due to L-DOPA was observed for long-term storage at room temperature when integrated in MIP-NSs.	MIP-NSs are a promising option for L-DOPA storage and managed distribution.
Zainuddin R et al.	2017	Enhancement of oral bioavailability of Anti-HIV drug rilpivirine HCl through nanosponge formulation	Drug entrapment leads to improved solubility and twofold rise in drug breakdown following the Higuchi release model; enhanced oral bioavailability.	The strategy provides a convenient dosage range for patients with AIDs, minimizing the need for the consumption of medications only in a fed state.
Arvapally et al.	2017	Formulation and in vitro evaluation Of Glipizide nanosponges	The regression line from the Higuchi plot shows the drug release rate through the diffusion mode and further confirms the diffusion process.	The release kinetics of the optimized formulation was better suited to the Higuchi model and showed a zero-order drug release with the Fickian diffusion mechanism.
Momin M et al.	2018	Extended-release delivery of Erlotinib glutathione nanosponge for targeting lung cancer	Tumor volume decreased significantly; low doses of drugs are more effective over longer periods of time and are more specific to the target and thus minimize side effects.	Nanosponge can encapsulate high-efficiency anticancer drugs and exhibit extended release, have a higher antiproliferative effect than free drugs and thus display site-specific drug delivery and excellent cellular drug uptake.
Jin et al.	2018	Deoxyribozyme-nanosponges for improved photothermal therapy by overcoming thermoresistance	In vitro studies have shown that this nanosponge-ICG therapeutic platform can reduce the expression of HSP70 genes or proteins to normal levels during photothermal treatment and thus increase therapeutic efficacy.	Multivalent DNAzyme will effectively silence the HSP70 gene to heat MCF-7 cells, suppressing the heat shock response of cancer cells.
Wang et al.	2019	Nonviolent Self -Catabolic DNAzyme Nanosponges for Smart Anticancer Drug Delivery	DNAzyme nanosponges have been encoded with multivalent tandem aptamer that helps to deliver cancer cells efficiently; effective and accurate drug administration with synergistically enhanced therapeutic efficiency.	The present DNAzyme NS framework could be built to demonstrate outstanding applications in biomedicine and bioengineering.